<p>The Immaculate Conception Rectory is a historic former Roman Catholic rectory building at 108 Beach Street in Revere, Massachusetts. It is a 3-1/2 story Colonial Revival wood frame structure, with a hipped slate roof and clapboard siding. The main facade is divided into three sections, the outer ones consisting of curved bays with two windows at each level, with a balustrade above at the roof level. The central section has the main entrance, sheltered by porch supported by grouped columns, with a balcony above. Three-part windows stand at the second and third level above the entrance, with a pair of gabled dormers piercing the roof.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. It served as the parish rectory until 1993, when the building was traded to the city in exchange for land across Beach Street, consolidating the church&#39;s land holdings. Today the building houses the Museum of the Revere Society for Cultural and Historic Preservation. Immaculate Conception Church, located at 133 Beach Street, is still an active parish.</p><br>
<p>The Deane Winthrop House is an historic house at 34 Shirley Street in Winthrop, Massachusetts. Deane Winthrop  was the sixth son of the second colonial Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop.</p><br>
<p>The oldest part of the house was built about 1675 with an addition made in 1696. It is currently owned by the Winthrop Improvement and Historical Association and is open to visitors by appointment. This building is one of the oldest wood frame houses in the country and is the oldest continuously lived in home in the United States. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. In 2009, an addition was made to the barn to store Winthrop Improvement and Historical Association artifacts and documents.</p><br>
<h2>Coat of arms</h2><br>
<p>The Coat of Arms displayed on the Deane Winthrop House are the arms of Deanes father, Governor John Winthrop, and thus it was also used by his sons. The Winthrop coat of arms is additionally used by Winthrop House at Harvard University. The arms were reportedly confirmed by the College of Arms, London, to Governor Winthrops paternal uncle in 1592. The heraldic blazon of arms is: Argent three chevronels Gules overall a lion rampant Sable.</p><br>
<p>Littleton Island, also known as Littleton Islands,  is a small coastal island cluster in the Qaasuitsup municipality, off NW Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Littleton is a rocky island surrounded by tiny islets and rocks. The main island lies approximately 1 km from NW Greenland’s coast in the Hatherton Bay, Smith Sound area.</p><br>
<p>Littleton and nearby islets are one of the largest breeding grounds in Greenland for the common eider and have been designated an Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In July 1853, during the Second Grinnell Expedition on the brig Advance Kane built a cairn on Littleton Island.</p><br>
<p>Kane named one of the adjacent islets Hans Island after Hans Hendrik, the native Greenlandic helper he had with him on the trip. The islet lies about 300 km south of the island today called Hans Island —that this is part of the Littleton Island cluster is testified by Kane mentioning Edward Augustus Inglefield, who named Littleton Island.</p><br>
<p>Later in the expedition Christian Ohlsen died on the Littleton Island on 12 June 1855.</p><br>
<p>Lake Santeetlah, part of the Tennessee River watershed, was created in 1928 when Alcoa dammed the Cheoah River as a means of generating hydroelectric power in Graham County, North Carolina. The reservoir is largely surrounded by the Cheoah District of the Nantahala National Forest. During the last decades of the twentieth century non-public lands were developed as scenic residences and vacation homes, most notably in the area now incorporated as the town of Lake Santeetlah.</p><br>
<p>Although the area below the highwater mark continues to be managed by Alcoa, approximately 80% of the surrounding land is under the jurisdiction of the USA Forest Service, which provides swimming, camping, picnicking, fishing and boating facilities. Lake Santeetlah has 76 miles of shore line and is home to a variety of trout, muskie, crappie, and bass. Of special note is the adjoining Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest, which was set aside in 1936 as a memorial to poet-soldier Joyce Kilmer, and is perhaps "the most impressive example of original, old growth forest" in the eastern United States.</p><br>
<p>The Century of Progress Architectural District, a part of the eastern unit of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, is an historic district on Lake Front Drive in Beverly Shores, Porter County, Indiana. The district comprises five buildings, all from the Homes of Tomorrow Exhibition during the 1933 Century of Progress World&#39;s Fair which took place in Chicago. Intended to display the future of housing, the Century of Progress Homes reflect a variety of designs, experimental materials and new technologies. On June 30, 1986, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Beverly Shores—Century of Progress Architectural District.</p><br>
<h2>Century of Progress</h2><br>
<p>The Beverly Shores/Century of Progress Architectural District is significant because it encompasses houses from the 1933–34 Chicago Century of Progress Exposition that comprised a portion of the Home and Industrial Arts Group. These structures were innovative and included engineering and construction technologies that are integral parts of modern residential architecture.</p><br>
<p>During the 1893 Columbian Exposition, the classicism of the French Beaux Arts tradition was popular along with the eclectic revivals of the Victorian architectural periods. This trend dominated American architecture during the first part of the twentieth century. Forty years later, Chicago&#39;s Century of Progress Exposition was the national showcase for new directions in American architecture, which once again followed a European precedent, the 1925 Paris Exposition."</p><br>
<p>The Century of Progress Exposition was conceived in the prosperous 1920s, but the nation was deep in the Great&#39; Depression by the opening date. Modern technology, the general theme of the exposition, gave the nation something new during a bleak economic</p><br>
<p>period. New materials, nontraditional construction methods, and efficient, new mechanical systems came together." Electric floodlights, searchlights and neon highlighted the polychromed facades and stylized motifs of the major exhibition buildings. The architecture of the Century of Progress Expostion was progressive, which meant either the Art Deco or International Style."</p><br>
<h2>Move to Beverly Shores, Indiana</h2><br>
<p>After the closing of the 1933 World&#39;s Fair, in late winter 1935 the Century of Progress houses were moved from Chicago to Indiana. Robert Bartlett purchased the homes with the intent of using them to sell more properties in his new residential development called Beverly Shores. Owing to their lakefront location in Chicago and their future lakefront location in Indiana, it was determined the easiest way to transport the homes was by barge. The houses were rolled off the barge on telephone poles onto a heavy timber crib built out into the lake. There were a series of three steps used to raise the house to the level of Lake Front Drive.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The five contributing properties in the architectural district are:</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>In hosting the 1893 Columbian Exposition, Chicago made the classicism of the French Beaux Arts tradition popular with an American public coming from the Victorian architectural periods. This trend dominated American architecture during the first part of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Forty years later, Chicago&#39;s Century of Progress Exposition was the national showcase for new directions in American architecture, which again followed a European precedent, the 1925 Paris Exposition.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The houses have been restored and all are open one day a year for public tours.</p><br>
<p>Mount Van Hoevenberg is a summit point located in the Adirondack Mountains in the Town of North Elba, Essex County, New York, 9 miles  east-southeast of the village of Lake Placid. Named for Henry Van Hoevenberg , it is best known for the location of the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track, and of a network of cross-country ski trails. The Mount Van Hoevenberg sports complex was used to host the 1932  and 1980 Winter Olympics .</p><br>
<p>Mount Van Hoevenberg stands within the watershed of the West Branch of the Ausable River, which drains into Lake Champlain, thence into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The southwest slopes of Mt. Van Hoevenberg drain directly into the West Branch.</p><br>
<p>The northern and southern slopes of Van Hoevenberg drain into the North and South Meadow Brooks, respectively — tributaries of the West Branch.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Olympic Regional Development Authority (ORDA). ORDA maintains the cross-country ski and biathlon trail system originally used in the 1980 Olympics.</p><br>
<p>During the summer, the mountain is used for hiking and mountain biking.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Generous Henderson House is a historic home located at 1016 The Paseo, once one of the most prestigious areas of Kansas City, Missouri. It was designed by local architect, Rudolf Markgraf and built in 1899. It is a three-story, Second Renaissance Revival style brick and stone dwelling with terra cotta ornamentation. It has two-story rear section and measures approximately 55 feet long and 42 feet wide. It features a cast iron cornice, oriel window, and columns. Also on the property is a contributing carriage house. The house was built for a Dr. Generous Henderson . His medical practice in Kansas City went on for forty-five years. The house is one of the few surviving examples of the Second Renaissance Revival style of architecture in Kansas City.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Cass Community United Methodist Church is located at 3901 Cass Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was built in 1883 as the Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church was founded in 1880. In 1883, the congregation hired architectural firm Mason & Rice to design a church at the corner of Cass and Selden. In 1891, Malcomson and Higginbotham designed an addition on the eastern side, which is now the main portion of the church.</p><br>
<p>Early in the life of the church, the congregation was well-to-do. In the 1920s, however, the membership declined as congregants moved from the area and the character of the neighborhood changed. However, the church decided to remain in the neighborhood and minister to and with the new residents. The church is still operating as a United Methodist congregation, with services that change to meet the needs of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is a Richardsonian Romanesque structure, constructed in the form of a Greek Cross. The church is built from rock faced Grafton stone, trimmed with Ionia sandstone. At the corner is a square tower, 86 feet high; the green ceramic tile roof is original. On the interior, Tiffany grace the windows; a Johnson - Tracker church organ is installed, which is thought to be the largest 19th-century pipe organ in Michigan.</p><br>
<p>A state of Michigan historical maker marks this church.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pinchot is the highest peak in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge of Southwest Oklahoma at 2,476 feet  above sea level. It is located toward the western edge of the WMWR. The US Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for the maintenance of the area. Mount Pinchot is located within the Wildlife Refuge&#39;s Special Use Area and is closed to the public. Special wildlife viewing tours are offered by the Refuge which take participants very near the base of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the Wichita Mountains (including areas outside the Refuge) is Haley Peak, at 2,481 ft (756 m). Haley Peak (officially unnamed) is located on private property just outside the NW corner of the Refuge.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pinchot was named in honor of Gifford Pinchot who served as the first Chief of the United States Forest Service.</p><br>
<p>The Monroe Hotel was a hotel in Kansas City, Missouri. It was built in the early 1920s and soon afterward bought by Tom Pendergast, a local political boss, who arranged for connecting access between his office and the hotel. The hotel closed in 1971, and the building was later converted to condominium use.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The need for affordable working class hotel space south of downtown came about as the result of the completion of Union Station in 1914. Raymond H. Sanneman designed the Monroe Hotel in 1920 for the Dubinsky Brothers, and Elelman-Fleming Construction Company served as the general contractor. The five-story hotel was constructed of reinforced concrete with brick and terra cotta at an estimated cost of $150,000.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership by Thomas J. Pendergast</h2><br>
<p>Political boss Thomas J. Pendergast purchased the Monroe Hotel in 1924, and he hired Sanneman to design a two-story building adjacent to the south side of the hotel that would serve as the headquarters for his Jackson County Democratic Club. Pendergast operated out of the two-story building at 1908 Main until the late 1930s. Pendergast had a doorway installed between his second floor office and the hotel, giving him a clandestine entry point and access to the hotels elevator. After Pendergasts release from prison for income tax evasion, a Federal Court ordered the doorway to be sealed and barred Pendergast from any further political activity. The hotel closed its doors in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>After sitting vacant for more than 30 years, renovation to the Monroe Hotel was completed in summer 2006, and the hotel is now home to 8 luxury condominiums. The condos range in size from 1,930 to 2,500 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Idomeni or Eidomene  is a small village in Greece, near the borders with the Republic of Macedonia. The village is located in the municipality of Paeonia, Kilkis regional unit of Central Macedonia .</p><br>
<p>The village is built at an elevation of 65 meters, in the outskirts of Kouri hill. It mounts in the west bank of Axios river, close to the border with Republic of Macedonia. The village is interwoven with a railway station, which is the first railway station that someone meets entering Greece from the north. The inhabitants of Idomeni are Macedonian Greeks/Slavophones, as well as descendants of refugees from East Thrace after the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Eidomene is mentioned by Strabo at his work Geographica and by Thucydides at his work History of the Peloponnesian War.</p><br>
<p>Before 1926, it was also known as Sehovo (Σέχοβο, Сехово, Сехово) or Seovo (Σέοβο), and it was renamed in 1936 to the namesake of the ancient Greek town "Idomene", which was mounted near the modern village. During the Greek War of Independence in 1821, the inhabitants of Sechovo/Idomeni (Sechovites) revolted against the Ottoman authorities, under Zafirios Stamatiades, one of the leaders who later fought in southern Greece. The village was destroyed by the Ottoman military authorities in 1824 as a retaliation for the participation in the revolt. From 1870 until the Balkan Wars, a lot of national conflicts between Greeks and Bulgarians took place in the village. In the book “Ethnographie des Vilayets d&#39;Adrianople, de Monastir et de Salonique”, published in Constantinople in 1878, that reflects the statistics of the male population in 1873, Seovo was noted as a village with 85 households and 394 Bulgarian inhabitants. After the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) the Bulgarian school in Sehovo was closed by Greek metropolitan bishop in Strumica.</p><br>
<p>At the Macedonian Revolt of 1878 against the Treaty of San Stefano, three people from the village joined armed rebel groups: Dellios Kovatsis, Stogiannis (Stoikos) Stoides and Nicolaos Stoides. During the Greek struggle for Macedonia a lot of inhabitants of Sechovo/Idomeni distinguished for their fighting for the Greek side, such as Georgios Stamatiades, his son Zafirios Stamatiades Papazafiriou, his grandsons Georgios Papazafiriou and Gregorios Papazafiriou, and also Stylianos Kovatsis. On the other hand, а committee of Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) was founded in 1895-1896. A lot of inhabitants of Sechovo distinguished for their fighting for the Bulgarian side, such as voyvode of IMRO Argir Manasiev (1872-1932), Dimitar Dzuzdanov (1887-1929), Grigor Totev (1868-1934), Gono Balabanov etc.</p><br>
<p>The "La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne" survey by Dimitar Mishev (D. Brankov) concluded that the Christian population in Sehovo in 1905 was composed of 1120 Bulgarian Exarchists.</p><br>
<h2>Transportations</h2><br>
<p>Close to Idomeni, there is the Railway Station of Idomeni, with trains to Thessaloniki, Belgrade and Central Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Refugees</h2><br>
<p>Since 2014, refugees from Syria, but also from Afghanistan, Pakistan and other countries of the Middle East, began to flock to Idomeni in order to cross the Greek borders and enter the Republic of Macedonia. Both the latter and Serbia to the north are out of the Schengen Area, which is why the refugees prefer this way to reach countries such as Germany and Sweden, so entering again the Schengen Area from Serbia; in case of arrest, they will be sent back to Croatia or Hungary (closer to their desired immigration destinations, especially Germany), and not to Greece, which is farther south.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia decided to guard its borders by military forces in order to prevent the refugees from entering the country, as Serbia also closed its borders.</p><br>
<p>Thus the transit camp at Idomeni, built in 2015 by Médecins Sans Frontières and the UNHCR to provide basic support for no more than 6000 refugees passing through each day, rapidly had to become a longer-term residential camp. The peak number of refugees who stayed in Idomeni numbered more than 15,000. On the 24th of May 2016, Greek authorities began relocating refugees from the Idomeni camp to processing facilities mostly in and around Thessaloniki.</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Studio Club was a chaperoned dormitory, sometimes referred to as a sorority, for young women involved in the motion picture business from 1916 to 1975. Located in the heart of Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, the Studio Club was run by the YWCA and housed some 10,000 women during its 59-year existence. It was the home at various times to many Hollywood celebrities, including Marilyn Monroe, Ayn Rand, Donna Reed, Kim Novak, Maureen O&#39;Sullivan, Rita Moreno, Barbara Eden, and Sharon Tate. The building was designed by noted California architect Julia Morgan in the Italian Renaissance Revival architectural style, who also designed Hearst Castle. The Studio Club closed in 1975, and the building was used as a YWCA-run Job Corps dormitory until April 30, 2012. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and remains the property of the YWCA Greater Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>Formation of the Studio Club</h2><br>
<p>The Hollywood Studio Club was formed in 1916. It began with a group of young women trying to break into the movies who gathered in the basement of the Hollywood Public Library to read plays. A librarian, Mrs. Eleanor Jones, worried about the young women living in cheap hotels and rooming houses with no place to study or practice their craft. Mrs. Jones solicited help from the local YWCA, and a hall was established as a meeting place. Hollywood studios and businessmen donated money to rent an old house on Carlos Avenue with space for 20 women. Mrs. Cecil B. DeMille and Mary Pickford were active in the clubs operations, and Pickford later recalled, "Mrs. DeMille spent every day doing something for the club. And the motion picture industry supported us." A newspaper article in 1919 described the club this way: "The club is more of a sorority, with delightful picture atmosphere, than anything else, and the same happy atmosphere will pervade the new home. A dominant note is the refining touch of home life and sense of protection, with assurance of assistance, not only in material way when need arises, but in ones work, as well. Financially, many desperate cases among young women have been tided over by the Hollywood Studio Club."</p><br>
<h2>The "Studio Girl"</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1920s, Hollywood became embroiled in scandals, including the 1921 case involving Fatty Arbuckle and his role in the death of young actress, Virginia Rappe. The image of the "extra girl", the pretty young girl who had traveled across the country to make it in the movies only to find herself the victim of exploitation, became a public relations problem for Hollywood. One industry observer wondered if extra work would ever be anything other than "an alibi for prostitution." In order to change this negative reputation, the Hollywood studios, led by Will Hays, enacted reforms including the formation of the Central Casting Bureau in 1925 and the construction of a large new home for the Hollywood Studio Club in 1926. By opening a large "chaperoned, elite dormitory" for Hollywood&#39;s young women, the studios hoped to replace the image of sad, bedraggled and exploited "extra girl" with the image of the new "studio girl"—a smartly dressed, graceful, and genteel woman tutored in etiquette as well as the performing arts. Hays told The New York Times that he sought to "make the motion picture business … a model industrial community, complete with recreation facilities, community centres, dormitories matrons."</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and construction</h2><br>
<p>Between 1923 and 1925, a widely publicized fundraising campaign was held to build the new Hollywood Studio Club. Contributions were received from Famous Players-Lasky ($10,000), Metro Goldwyn and Carl Laemmle ($5,000 each), Warner Bros. ($3,000), and Christie Comedies ($2,000). In March 1923, aviator and movie star Andree Peyre conducted an aerial acrobatic exhibition and airplane race over Hollywood to help raise funds for the new home. In February 1925, a final $5,000 donation from silent screen star Norma Talmadge allowed the group to begin construction. The organization hired noted architect Julia Morgan to design the new building, and a ground-breaking ceremony took place in June 1925 with Mary Pickford and Morgan in attendance.</p><br>
<p>The new Hollywood Studio Club opened in May 1926, having been built at a cost of $250,000. The building was opened at a ceremony attended by 2,500 people, "including many of the celebrities of the motion picture world," with dedication ceremonies in the afternoon and "dancing at midnight."</p><br>
<p>Julia Morgan designed the Studio Club in a Mediterranean style with interiors decorated in "pistache green, rose coral, and tan." The building includes several recurring elements from Morgan&#39;s Mediterranean style buildings, including full-length arched windows, balconies with iron balustrades, and decorative brackets. A writer in California Graphic said "this beautiful and spacious new building is but one more jewel in the crown of Achieved Results which this progressive and cultural little city is wearing so proudly and shows its ever increasing desire to give unstinted moral and financial support to every progressive endeavor."</p><br>
<p>The rooms at the Studio Club had nameplates on the doors identifying individuals who made subscriptions of at least $1000 to the building fund. There were rooms named for Douglas Fairbanks, Howard Hughes, Gloria Swanson, Jackie Coogan, and Harold Lloyd.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The only qualification needed for admittance to the Studio Club was that the applicant had to be seeking a career in the motion picture business, whether as an actress, singer, script girl, cutter, writer, designer, dancer or secretary. Another article in 1959 referred to the club as a "colony" of students and described the atmosphere this way: "You may hear the wail of a clarinet, the vocal exercise of a balladeer … and seen in a quiet corner, the silent gestures of a rehearsing ingenue with a script. But most of all there are clustered groups recounting their day -- of pounding pavements, hearing of jobs, lamenting and blessing their luck and philosophizing." In 2000, Susan Spano wrote in the Los Angeles Times: "The handsome Italianate building, designed in 1926 by architect Julia Morgan (of Hearst Castle fame), still evokes the good old days when a mother could send her daughter to Hollywood to become a star without worrying that her offspring would go astray." However, the Studio Club was not free from scandal. Actress and former Studio Club resident Virginia Sale recalled, "One woman, older than the rest of us, was murdered in front of the club by a boyfriend. He was an ex-serviceman or something like that. And he then killed himself."</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>By the mid-1960s, times had changed, and the idea of a chaperoned dormitory had become dated. In 1964, the club expanded its membership to include studio secretaries, dancers, models and others working broadly in the talent field. By 1971, the club was forced to open its doors as a regular hotel for transient women and stopped serving meals, but it still lost money.</p><br>
<h2>Famous residents</h2><br>
<p>Over the years of its operation, the Studio Club was home to many budding starlets and others trying to make it in show business. Those residing at the club included:</p><br>
<p>ZaSu Pitts – Pitts, the star of Erich von Stroheim&#39;s 1924 masterpiece, Greed, was one of the first stars to come out of the Studio Club. Von Stroheim called Pitts "the greatest dramatic actress." Pitts later noted that "without the club I should have been a village dressmaker all my days."</p><br>
<p>Ayn Rand – When Ayn Rand arrived in Hollywood in 1926 to become a screenwriter, she lived at the Studio Club. Though her heavy accent and plain Russian clothes made her an "odd apparition" to the pretty, fresh actresses of the Studio Club, Rand was welcomed into the sorority. She was hired initially as an extra, at a salary of $7.50 a day, leaving the Studio Club before dawn each day to arrive at the studio at 6 a.m. for makeup and dress. While staying at the Studio Club, she met both Cecil B. DeMille and her future husband, Frank. A club resident later recalled the following story about Rand:"We all had money problems, but the funniest story I ever heard was about Ayn Rand, the author. She apparently had terrible financial problems and owed money to the club. Almost everybody did at one time or another. Anyhow, a woman was going to donate $50 to the neediest girl in the club, and Miss Williams (Marjorie Williams, the revered director of Studio Club from 1922 to 1945) picked out Ayn. Ayn thanked them for the money, went out and bought a set of black lingerie."</p><br>
<p>Maureen OSullivan – Actress Maureen OSullivan, who played Jane in the Tarzan movies of the 1930s and early 1940s and starred in The Devil Doll, took up residence at the Studio Club when her mother brought her to Hollywood from Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Sale – Sale, who went on to have more than 150 film and television credits, also started at the Studio Club. Years later, Sale recalled her friendship with Ayn Rand at the club in the 1920s. Though Rand largely kept to herself, Rand encouraged Sale in her writing of skits. "She (Rand) did the sound effects for me backstage and that was really where my one-woman show got started, right at the club. Over the years on tour I gave 3,000 performances." (Sale is one of the women in the picture above shown "cleaning house.")</p><br>
<p>Diana Dill – Diana Dill was an actress living at the Studio Club when she met Kirk Douglas, whom she married in 1943.</p><br>
<p>Marie Windsor – Windsor, who found a niche in film noir and became known as "Queen of the B&#39;s", won two beauty pageants in Utah before driving to Hollywood to become a star. She lived at the Studio Club when she arrived in Hollywood, stayed for three years (the maximum stay period) and later returned for six more months after World War II.</p><br>
<p>Dorothy Malone – Malone, who later received an Academy Award for her role in Written on the Wind, lived in the Studio Club in the 1940s after moving to Hollywood from Texas. She later recalled that the Studio Club was already famous as a home for aspiring young actresses. She said, "You had to have references and a letter from your parents just to get in. There was a long waiting list from the beginning." She dated Mel Torme while living at the club and recalled being discovered by Alan Ladd while playing a Spanish girl in a showcase at the club; but when she reported to the studio without the black hair, they did not believe she was the same person.</p><br>
<p>Marilyn Monroe – Monroe lived at the Studio Club from 1948 to 1949. She later recalled that it was to raise $50 to pay rent at the Studio Club that she posed for the famous nude photographs. She said, "Funny how shocked people in Hollywood were when they learned Id posed in the nude. At one time Id always said no when photographers asked me. But youll do it when you get hungry enough. It was at a time when I didnt seem to have much future. I had no job and no money for the rent. I was living in the Hollywood Studio Club for Girls. I told them I&#39;d get the rent somehow. So I phoned up Tom Kelley, and he took these two colour shots—one sitting up, the other lying down....I earned the fifty dollars that I needed." Monroe stayed in Room 334.</p><br>
<p>Kim Novak – Kim Novak was the biggest star to live at the Studio Club in the 1950s. When Harry Cohn, president of Columbia Pictures, signed Novak to a studio contract, he required that she not date anyone during the week and posted a studio guard outside the Hollywood Studio Club, where he required her to live. Novak moved into the Studio Club in 1953 and stayed on at the club even after she became a movie star. Another resident at the time recalled, "She was very neat and clean. Nobody could look more glamorous in a mans white shirt and Levis. I remember she just couldn&#39;t bear to leave. In those years we had raised the limit of time to five years."</p><br>
<p>Barbara Eden – In the 1950s, before landing her role on I Dream of Jeannie, Eden lived at the Studio Club. Other club residents later recalled that Eden would look at the club&#39;s bulletin board and apply for every show business job available, even those that she was advised would "ruin" her career.</p><br>
<p>Sharon Tate – Tate, who was murdered by the Manson Family in 1969, lived at the Studio Club when she began her career in Hollywood in 1963. When her aggressive roommate at the Club made lesbian advances, Tate requested a new room.</p><br>
<p>Joanne Worley – Worley, who went on to fame in Laugh In, lived at the Studio Club in the 1960s. She recalled, "I remember it was a wonderful place. … It was inexpensive, had good food and 24-hour telephone service. And on Sundays the best coffee cake I ever ate."</p><br>
<p>Other residents of the Studio Club included Donna Reed (star of Its A Wonderful Life and The Donna Reed Show and Oscar winner for From Here to Eternity), Rita Moreno (winner of an Academy Award in 1961 for West Side Story, a Grammy Award in 1972, a Tony Award in 1975, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2004), Linda Darnell (star of Forever Amber, Unfaithfully Yours and A Letter to Three Wives in the late 1940s), Nancy Kwan (star of The World of Suzie Wong and Flower Drum Song in the early 1960s), Barbara Rush (Golden Globe winner for It Came from Outer Space and star of The Young Philadelphians), Janet Blair (movie star in the 1940s in films including Three Girls About Town, Broadway, and Gallant Journey), Elvia Allman (voice of Clarabelle Cow in 28 Disney cartoons, the homely woman pursuing Bob Hope in Road to Singapore, Cora Dithers in the Blondie radio series, and the aggressive forelady in the chocolate candy conveyor belt episode of I Love Lucy who yells, "Speeder up a little!"), Barbara Britton (star of Captain Kidd and The Virginian in the mid-1940s), Gale Storm (star of the 1950s television series My Little Margie and The Gale Storm Show and singer of the hit song Dark Moon), Evelyn Keyes (Scarlet OHaras younger sister in Gone with the Wind and real-life spouse of Charles Vidor, John Huston and Artie Shaw), Ann B. Davis (two-time Emmy Award winner as "Schultzy" in The Bob Cummings Show and housekeeper Alice in The Brady Bunch), and Sally Struthers (Gloria from All in the Family).</p><br>
<h2>Recognition as historic site</h2><br>
<p>The Hollywood Studio Club has been recognized as a building of significant historic importance at both the local and national level. In 1977, the Studio Club was designated a Historic-Cultural Monument (No. 175) by the City of Los Angeles. And in 1980, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Mulroy Bay  is a relatively small bay / sea loch on the north coast of County Donegal, Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Mulroy Bay is the most convoluted of the marine inlets in north-west Ireland. It is approximately 12 km long in a north-south direction. The entrance to the bay is a narrow embayment leading to a winding entrance channel 10 km in length. This channel varies in width and depth, with three significant narrows only 100–150 m across, where the current reaches maxima of 3-5 knots. It opens into the Broad Water, an open shallow sea lough 8 km from north to south and 2.5 km from east to west, generally less than 20 m in depth and with many small rocky islands and islets.</p><br>
<p>Settlements founded on the bay include Milford, Kerrykeel and Cranford.</p><br>
<p>The English name of the bay comes from Cuan na Mhaoil Ruaidh, the original Irish language name for the bay which means Bay of the Red Current or Bay of the Red Stream.</p><br>
<p>Lamberton Lake is a 28.5 acre freshwater lake located in Kent County in Western Michigan. The lake is approximately 1,700 ft long and 1,040 ft wide and is centered at {{coord|43.02|N|85.63|W|type:waterbody_region:US-MI}} just within the city limits in northeast Grand Rapids. The surface elevation is 650 ft, and most of the lake is less than 15 ft deep. There is one island in the lake, approximately 160 ft long and 70 ft wide, located in the northwest part of the lake. A low ridge runs along the east side of the lake and overlooks it.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Lamberton Lake is fed by Lamberton Creek, which flows from Emerald Lake to Lamberton Lake, entering the lake at the northeast. Two springs also feed the lake. Lamberton Lake discharges into Lamberton Creek at the southeast. Lamberton Creek flows south, then turns west and eventually flows into the Grand River.</p><br>
<h2>Natural environment</h2><br>
<p>Most of the lake bottom is composed of marl; the deeper parts are mostly composed of pulpy peat.</p><br>
<p>Located both to the northwest and southeast of the lake in two parcels sits the 24 acre Lamberton Lake Fen Nature Preserve, managed by the Land Conservancy of West Michigan. Established in 1994, it was expanded ten years later. Lamberton Creek flows from the lake through the preserve&#39;s southeast parcel, where the fen is located. The fen is home to many native plant and animal species.</p><br>
<p>The wetlands around the lake were more extensive in the past. However, already by 1901 much of this area had been reclaimed. This was due to a lower lake level caused by the deepening of the creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late nineteenth century Lamberton Lake with Lamberton Creek was under consideration as one of several possible sources for the water supply of the growing city of Grand Rapids.</p><br>
<p>Owikeno Lake, also Owekeeno Lake, Owekano Lake, Oweekayno Lake and other spellings , is a large fjord lake in the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada. It connects to the head of Rivers Inlet by the short Wannock River . The lake&#39;s name comes from the indigenous people of the region, the Wuikinuxv, whose settlements and territory lie around the lake. Their largest and principal settlement was on an island in the lower reaches of the lake named Katit.</p><br>
<p>Owikeno Lake is fed by several large rivers, the Tzeo (Ciu), Inziana, Machmell, Sheemahant Rivers. Feeding the Sheemahant is the Neechantz River, joining the Sheemahant just above its mouth into the lake. The Washwash River similarly joins the Tzeo just above that river&#39;s estuary into the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Clarence Islands are a Canadian Arctic island group in the Nunavut Territory. The islands lie in the James Ross Strait, 10 mi east of Cape Felix, off the northeast coast of King William Island. They are about 40 km west of Kent Bay on the Boothia Peninsula, and about 40 km northwest of the Tennent Islands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Captain (Sir) John Ross commanded the Victory during his second Arctic exploration (1829—1833), partly in order to regain credibility after charting a fictional landform, Croker Mountains, during his first Arctic expedition. He chose his nephew, Commander James Clark Ross, to be second in command.</p><br>
<p>In 1830, while exploring within the Ross Strait, James Ross charted three islands. He named the group "Beaufort Islands" after Capt. Francis Beaufort, hydrographer of the Admiralty, and named the individual islands Adolphus Island, Frederick Island, and Augustus Island, John Ross did not see the "Beaufort Islands".</p><br>
<p>Upon returning to England in 1833, the expeditions members learned that the Duke of Clarence had ascended to the throne in 1830, becoming King William IV. John Ross reviewed his expeditions chart book with Capt. Beaufort and with the new king. With the notation "changed by His Majesty&#39;s command" included, John Ross made changes to the chart: he added six islands and three capes, all with royal Clarence and Fitz-Clarence family names (including Munster Island, Falkland Island, Erskine Island, Fox Island, Errol Island, Cape Sophia, Cape Sidney, and Cape Mary), and renamed the island group "Clarence Islands". While as leader of the expedition, John Ross had authority to name newly charted landforms as he wished, he did not receive authority to add fictional landforms to navigation chart books.</p><br>
<p>Lady Jane Franklin documented in her diary a meeting she had with Capt. Beaufort regarding the controversial chart book changes:</p><br>
<p>Captain B. asked me if Sir Johns ire had abated against (James) Ross, and he (Captain B.) seemed much tickled at this subject - he was not one he said to take away a mans fair character, but there were some things that ought to be held up to reprobation, and he was now going to tell me a good story. He had the book brought him and he asked me how many islands I counted in the Clarence group. I counted 9 - 3 I said were lilac, and the others white. "Well", says he, "there are but 3, and when the chart was first shown to me, there were only 3 marked down, but Ross having proposed to the King to call them the Clarence Islands, Yes, yes, said the King, call them the Clarence islands, and then Ross thought it would be as well to make a few more, so that the Clarences and Fitzclarences might have one apiece." The story was afterwards confirmed to Sir John by Capt. James Ross, who said that his uncle had never seen the islands, had never been there and that it was he, Capt. James, who laid down in the map the true original number.</p><br>
<p>Nybroviken  is a small bay in central Stockholm, Sweden.</p><br>
<p>Nybroviken separates the city district Östermalm from the peninsula Blasieholmen. North of the bay is Berzelii Park and Norrmalmstorg. To the south Nybroviken connects to the bay Ladugårdslandsviken. Facing both these bays are the quays of Strandvägen and Nybrokajen.</p><br>
<p>The name stems from the historical bridge Ladugårdslandsbron ("Barns Lands Bridge"), also known as Nybro, which once stretched across the bay to connect to Nybrogatan. Today, Nybroviken is a frequently used departure point for ferries of various sizes bound for Djurgården and the Stockholm Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 17th century, Nybroviken was still known as Ladugårdslandsviken, a name derived from Ladugårdslandet, the histocial name of Östermalm, at the time a rural area. The bay then was much wider, up to 250 metres, and reached north to present-day Stureplan. Two water courses then emptied into the bay: Träskrännilen ("The Swamp Rill"), a strait which connected the bay to the historical lake Träsket ("The Swamp") along the southern part of present-day Birger Jarlsgatan. It was seven metres wide and marked the border between the city districts Norrmalm and Östermalm. Archaeological excavations in the 20th century unveiled ships and landing bridges under the present streets &mdash; today located more than 500 metres (1.600 feet) from the waterfront. Both the strait and the lake were made history by land filling around 1880. The second water course was the strait Näckströmmen ("The Neck Stream") which separated Blasieholmen (at the time an island) from the mainland north of it. In the mid-17th century the strait was 20 metres wide in average and 10 metres at its narrowest. The bridge Näckebro stretched across it. Within a century it was consumed by land filling.</p><br>
<p>Maps from the 18th century name the innermost part of the bay Packartorgsviken or Packartorgssjön ("Packers Squares Bay/Lake") after the precursor of Norrmalmstorg square. Land fillings and garbage gradually transformed it to standing water with the surrounding quays littered with filth. A map from 1780 shows a single usable landing bridge remained in the bay at that time. In 1816, City Architect Carl Christopher Gjörwell was commissioned to redesign the quays of the bay, plans however only partly completed. Packartorgsviken became gradually smaller and swampier, and was colloquially called Katthavet ("The Cat Sea"), with Katt alluding to something small and false (i.e. a water body of insignificant size).</p><br>
<p>Fathomless to todays Stockholmers, Katthavet remained a popular spot for angling and pleasure rowing &mdash; truly an odd hobby as the filthy bay was also used for cleaning clothes. Not even the cholera pandemic of 1834, which caused the death of 4.000 Stockholmers, resulted in any sanitary actions from the city authorities. By the end of that decade, however, the 25th anniversary of King Charles XIVs arrival to Stockholm resulted in plans for a new bridge across the bay. On royal request, the bay north of the bridge was replaced by land filling, and the bridge thus transformed into a quay. The bridge was designed by Fredrik August Lidströmer, approved by His Majesty in 1837, and works, begun in 1838, were completed in 1849. In 1852 the work to transform the new open space into the present park was begun, and as the statue of Jöns Jacob Berzelius was produced by the Academy of Sciences, the park got its present name, Berzelii Park.</p><br>
<p>A decision by the city council in 1864 to replace the entire bay with landfills resulted in popular protests led by August Blanche, and in 1867 the council backed out, instead proposing a 395 metres long quay to be built. A statue of John Ericsson by John Börjeson was inaugurated on the quay in 1875. In 1987, part of the quay was renamed in honour of the diplomat Raoul Wallenberg.</p><br>
<p>Tyninghame House is a mansion in East Lothian, Scotland. It is located by the mouth of the River Tyne, 1 km east of Tyninghame, and 6 km west of Dunbar. There was a manor at Tyninghame in 1094, and it was later a property of the Lauder of The Bass family. In the 17th century it was sold to the Earl of Haddington. The present building dates from 1829 when the 9th Earl of Haddington employed William Burn to greatly enlarge the house in the Baronial style. In 1987 the contents of the house were sold, and the house was divided into flats.</p><br>
<p>The house is protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There was a manor on the lands in 1094, when it was mentioned in a charter of Duncan II of Scotland to the monks of St Cuthberts. From 1250 into the 16th century Tyninghame was held by the Bishops of St Andrews. It was leased to the Lauder family as a winter residence. The Lauders owned The Bass, and lived there in the summer.</p><br>
<h3>Earls of Haddington</h3><br>
<p>In 1628 when Thomas Hamilton, 1st Earl of Haddington received that title in exchange for that of Earl of Melrose he acquired Tyninghame by purchase.</p><br>
<p>In 1791 Charles, the 8th Earl, renovated the house, but these were superseded by the works carried out by the 9th Earl. In 1828 he commissioned William Burn to redesign the house in the Scots Baronial style. Burn made only limited alterations to the plan of the house, but totally altered the elevations, refacing most of the building in red sandstone, and adding turrets and other details. The original 17th-century masonry can be seen on the south facade. The 9th Earl also carried out further plantings in the parks, and erected an obelisk in 1856 to commemorate the work of the 5th Earl.</p><br>
<p>On the death of the 9th Earl in 1858, the estate was inherited by a cousin, George Baillie of Mellerstain. His son, the 11th Earl carried out further plantings in the 1880s, including the Walled Gardens. Formal gardens, including Lady Haddingtons Secret Garden, were established by the 12th Earl and his wife in the 20th century. The house was featured in Country Life on 7 August 1975, and in Scottish Field in August 1953. After the 12th Earl died in 1986, the 13th Earl chose to retain Mellerstain House near Duns as his main residence, and Tyninghame was sold the following year. The bulk of the contents were auctioned by Sothebys in a two-day sale at the house, on 28–29 September 1987. The house was then divided into apartments by country house developer Kit Martin.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hope Cemetery in Bangor, Maine, is the second oldest garden cemetery in the United States. It was designed by architect Charles G. Bryant in 1834 and built by the Bangor Horticultural Society soon after, Bangor was at that time a frontier boom-town, and much of its architecture and landscaping was modeled after that of Boston. The site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Purchased in July 1834, the land consisted of 50 acres of Lot 27, which was set along State Street - at the time known as County Road and later the "Road to Orono" - and the Penobscot River. It did not include all of the cemetery&#39;s central hill; instead, it cut across the crest of the hill and met up with what would later be Mount Hope Avenue. The land was approximately 660 by with the longer side extending north-south along State Street. Approximately 12 acres was to be set aside for horticultural activities, and the rest of the land was to be used as a cemetery.</p><br>
<p>This was the preferred resting ground for Bangor&#39;s 19th- and early-20th-century elite. The cemetery includes the gravesites of Hannibal Hamlin, a USA Vice President who had also held office as Congressman, US Senator and Governor of Maine, a USA Senator, ten USA Congressmen, two USA Ambassadors, four Governors of Maine, eight Civil War Generals, and numerous "lumber barons" and other local businessmen and politicians. Actors Richard Golden and Ralph Sipperly are also buried there.</p><br>
<h2>Representation in other media</h2><br>
<p>The movie Pet Sematary was filmed in Mount Hope Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Mayfield–Gutsch Estate is a historic home and park grounds in west Austin, Texas near the shores of Lake Austin. Originally built in the 1870s, the cottage was purchased by former Texas Secretary of State Allison Mayfield in 1909. In 1922, the house passed to Mayfield&#39;s daughter, Mary Frances, and her husband, University of Texas professor Milton Gutsch. They expanded the home, adding porches on three sides, and greatly developed the surrounding gardens. When Mary Mayfield Gutsch died in 1971, the home and grounds were left to the City of Austin for use as a park.</p><br>
<p>Today, Mayfield Park remains open to the public. The grounds are immediately adjacent to Laguna Gloria, today home to the Austin Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>The home and park are located at 3505 West 35th Street. The estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Belcrest Apartments is an apartment building located at 5440 Cass Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was built in 1926 as the Belcrest Hotel, designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1983,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Belcrest Apartment Hotel was built in 1926 as a residential hotel, catering to wealthy tenants. The building exemplified what was, at the time, a novel style of living arrangement: an apartment building that offered amenities normally associated with a hotel. Daily maid service and a restaurant on the premises set this apart from a conventional apartment building. The building was developed by Jacob Singer and Max Hamburger, who hired Charles N. Agree as both architect and general contractor for the building. In 1929, Singer and Hamburger signed an agreement to make the Belcrest a part of the Albert Pick hotel chain.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Belcrest is a twelve-story, T-shaped apartment building, constructed of concrete and steel and sheathed with brick and terra cotta. Three projecting bays surround the base of the T, emphasizing the vertical, and extend up through the cornice to end in an ornamented gable. The three bays have elaborate detail on the twelfth floor, containing alternating bands of brick and terra cotta, round-arched masonry window openings, and terra cotta diaperwork.</p><br>
<p>Terra cotta cornices on the third, eleventh, and top floors emphasize the horizontal. The grey and cream second-floor cornice is further embellished with dentils, rope molding, and acanthus leaf molding. The tan and dark brown eleventh-floor corniceline has green highlights, and breaks at terra cotta balconets beneath the twelfth-floor windows. The tan twelfth floor cornice is molded into the form of a series of arches and acanthus leaf brackets, topped with an acanthus leaf molding.</p><br>
<p>A gabled single story entry foyer echoes the form of the twelfth floor gables. The entryway is reached through original wrought iron entry gates.</p><br>
<p>Stoneman Lake is a small lake located in northern Arizona, about 30 mi south of the city of Flagstaff. Like the nearby Mormon Lake, it is one of the few natural lakes in Arizona.</p><br>
<p>Stoneman Lake is small and shallow, with an average surface area of less than 100 acre and depth of less than 10 ft. As such, it is subject to considerable fluctuations due to local rainfall and snowmelt conditions, and may even dry up completely. Due to the lake intermittently drying up, the availability of fish in the lake is unreliable. Nevertheless, in wet years northern pike and yellow perch are stocked here, and the lake is the location of the state record yellow perch caught in 1984. Recreational activities are generally limited to boating, wildlife viewing and camping.</p><br>
<p>Of particular interest to geologists and of some minor debate is the origin of the lake. The lake fills a nearly circular basin in a region with some historical volcanic activity, leading to the possibility that the lake is either a crater lake or a filled in sinkhole. Evidence exists to support both conclusions, as the lake lies in the middle of the Mormon volcanic field.</p><br>
<p>The Hezekiah Chaffee House is a historic house museum on Meadow Lane in Windsor, Connecticut. Built about 1765, it is one of Windsor&#39;s largest and most elaborate Georgian brick houses. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and is a contributing property to the Palisado Avenue Historic District, listed in 1987. It is owned and operated by the Windsor Historic Society, which offers tours on a year-round basis.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hezekiah Chaffee House stands on the east side of the Palisado Green, Windsor&#39;s earliest settlement area just north of the Farmington River. It is a large two-story brick structure, with a gambrel roof and central chimney. The brick is laid in Flemish bond, and the house stands on a foundation of red sandstone. There are two gambrel-roofed ells, 1-1/2 stories in height, extending to the south and northeast. They appear to be contemporaneous to the main block, sharing a similar foundation. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance topped by a five-light transom window. It is sheltered by a later Greek Revival portico, with a pedimented gable and Doric columns.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1765 for Dr. Hezekiah Chaffee, who had bought the land in 1755. It remained in the Chaffee family until 1926, when it was acquired by the Loomis Institute, then a boys prep school, to house a girls school known as the Chaffee School. The two schools are now united on a different campus as the Loomis Chaffee School. The house is now run as a museum property by the Windsor Historical Society and is open year-round, Wednesday - Saturday from 11 am to 4 pm.</p><br>
<p>Chevelon Canyon Lake is a small reservoir located in northern Arizona, about 15 mi west of the city of Heber. It is one in a series of small, canyon-bound lakes located on the Mogollon Rim, collectively referred to as the Rim Lakes. It is among the most difficult to access in the region. It is also the second reservoir on Chevelon Creek, downstream from Woods Canyon Lake. Chevelon Creek drains to the northeast all the way to the Little Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>Chevelon Canyon Lake is small and moderately deep, having an average depth of 35 ft and a surface area of 208 acre. The long, narrow lake is formed by an earthen dam impounding the Chevelon Creek in the eponymous Chevelon Canyon. It was constructed in 1965 as part of a flood control and recreational project.</p><br>
<p>The lake, in spite of its relative proximity to the town of Heber, is only accessible via 30 mi of unpaved forest road, much of which is difficult or impossible to pass due to heavy winter snowfalls between November and April. There is no direct road access to the lake, the final.75 mi segment being closed to vehicular access and requires a short hike. As the road does not access the lake, boating is limited to small, light canoes or personal flotation devices that can be carried in.</p><br>
<p>Amenities are limited to primitive campsites. In spite of the lake&#39;s remoteness and lack of access, it is a premier fishing location due to its stock of rainbow and brown trout. The facilities are maintained by Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest division of the USDA Forest Service.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>Rainbow Trout</p><br>
<p>Brown Trout</p><br>
<p>Woods Canyon Lake is a small lake located in northern Arizona, about 30 mi east of the city of Payson. It is one in a series of small, canyon-bound lakes located on the Mogollon Rim, collectively referred to as the Rim Lakes. It is among the more developed and accessible of the Rim Lakes. It is also the first reservoir on Chevelon Creek, upstream from Chevelon Canyon Lake.</p><br>
<p>Woods Canyon Lake is small and moderately deep, having an average depth of 25 ft and a surface area of 55 acre. The long, narrow lake is formed by an earthen dam impounding the Chevelon Creek in Woods Canyon. It was created primarily for recreational purposes.</p><br>
<p>The lake is accessed via paved forest roads that are open most of the year, although access may be restricted due to snow during winter months from December to April. During the summer months the lake is regularly stocked with rainbow trout. Self-sustaining brown trout can also be found in the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is well developed, having numerous maintained campsites, facilities for recreational vehicles, and access for boats on the lake. The facilities are maintained by Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest division of the USDA Forest Service.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>Rainbow Trout</p><br>
<p>Brown Trout</p><br>
<p>Golden Shiner</p><br>
<p>Fathead Minnow</p><br>
<p>Crayfish</p><br>
<p>The Frenchglen Hotel State Heritage Site is a hotel in the sparsely populated southeast part of Oregon, United States. It is located in the unincorporated community of Frenchglen, near the base of Steens Mountain and at the northern end of the loop road that ascends almost to the mountain&#39;s summit above 9,000 ft.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1924. In its early days, its guests typically had business at Peter French&#39;s P Ranch or were visiting the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. From 1937 to 1938, the hotel was restored and enlarged by the USA Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, with labor from the Civilian Conservation Corps.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Parks and Recreation Department took possession of the property in 1973. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Today, the historic hotel building has eight guest rooms, Guests still visit for the wildlife refuge, as well as nearby Steens Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Port Oneida Rural Historic District is part of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. It consists of a set of farms in the Leelanau Peninsula of Northern Michigan that are typical of Northern European settlers throughout the Midwestern United States in the later part of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The district was farmed for over 100 years by local farmers of subsistence farms. The houses and fields were passed down through the families. What is represented in the district is the practice of land use, architecture and the evolution of agricultural technology common to the upper Great Lakes region. It is very rare to find such a large collection of farms of this time period that are free from modern technology.</p><br>
<p>Port Oneida Rural Historic District has 121 buildings, 20 structures and 18 farmsteads.</p><br>
<p>The district is over 3,400 acre of farming area preserved as it was in the late 19th century to the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>The district has the greatest number of historic buildings and has the largest agricultural area. It has a "State" level of significance on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Leelanau Peninsula was occupied sometime soon after the Ice age glaciers’ last retreat. Inhabitants were initially drawn to northern Michigan because of the fisheries and forests. Agriculture soon developed since there was longer growing seasons. Lake Michigan provided a lake effect warmth along the shoreline in this area. Cree and Ojibwa were among the Native Americans who lived in the area for generations.</p><br>
<p>The first European recorded in this region was Carsten Burfiend. He was an immigrant from Hanover, Germany in 1846. He arrived in the United States at Buffalo, New York and first went by steamship to nearby North Manitou Island. He came to the peninsula alone and left his wife and family in New York state.</p><br>
<p>There he built a cabin and worked as a fisherman until 1852. The USA Government around this time opened up the mainland of Michigan Territory to settlement. Burfriend moved and purchased 275 acre of land on the west side of Pyramid Point. He then sent for his wife and children.</p><br>
<p>Burfiend continued to work as a fisherman on mainland Michigan with his fishing boat. Also using his boat he would ferry early settlers between South Manitou Island and North Manitou Island from the mainland of Michigan. History records that John E. Fisher was one of his passengers going to the islands. Fisher was one of the first settlers on the mainland of northern Michigan and a founder of Glen Arbor, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Burfiend and his family lived in a three-story log cabin on the beach. Ultimately Lake Michigan&#39;s fierce storms forced them to move their home to the Sleeping Bear Dunes bluffs above the lake. Because of the harsh environment of the early days, Burfiend lost three of his sons to pneumonia and drowning.</p><br>
<p>Frederick and Margaretta Werner of Hanover, Germany, were close friends and possibly related to the Burfiends. They joined the Burfiends in September 1855 and settled in the area. Several other settlers came from Hanover. The 1860 census shows the population of Pyramid Point to be 87 people. They were immigrants from Germany and Prussia.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Kelderhouse was a key person to Port Oneida. He developed most of the Port Oneida logging industry. Kelderhouse was born in Albany, New York in 1821. His cargo ships traveled throughout Lake Michigan. Kelderhouse is recorded on one of his trips to have landed on South Manitou Island. He reportedly saw the mainland economic opportunities of the Michigan dense forests of white pine. He negotiated with Burfiend and they agreed on building a dock on the shore of Lake Michigan if Burfiend provided the land. In 1862 the dock was completed. Port Oneida is named after the steamship Oneida, one of the first to stop at Burfiend&#39;s new dock.</p><br>
<p>The dock allowed the mainland’s hardwood forest to be harvested. Kelderhouse bought land and began processing cordwood to sell to passing ships for firewood. He built a sawmill near the John Burfiend farm. Port Oneida grew considerably over the next 30 years to include many commercial enterprises. Among these were a general store, a post office, a blacksmith shop and a boarding house. There were also two large barns built by other farmers. Kelderhouse owned most of the commercial buildings at Port Oneida and about half of the land on Pyramid Point. He built his home at Port Oneida. Kelderhouse also bought a gristmill on the Crystal River from John Fisher in 1866 to process grains.</p><br>
<p>Between 1880 and 1890, the lumber industry, however, had taken most of the timber. The Great Lakes steamships by then were burning coal instead of firewood. Due to competition, such as the D.H. Day farm in Glen Haven, Kelderhouse sold off the dock and mill by 1880. He died in 1884 which led to the demise of the family fortune.</p><br>
<p>All the original buildings at Port Oneida were abandoned by 1908. Only the Kelderhouse residence was still occupied by his family. In 1934 it was then sold to Fred Baker. The boarding house at Port Oneida was torn down in 1944. Other buildings and the apple orchard were removed by 1952. Wood of these buildings had been used to build the Burfiend pig barn and the Barratt barn.</p><br>
<p>Port Oneida area farming was difficult and harsh. The sandy soils did not produce much. Water was limited, which hindered their efforts. Potatoes were their primary cash crop. Their limited supply of grain sustained small herds of dairy cattle. Most employed themselves outside their farms to make ends meet.</p><br>
<p>Port Oneida was a close-knit ordinary farming community from the turn of the 20th century until World War II. Farmers worked together by going from farm to farm to gather and harvest seasonal crops.</p><br>
<h2>Farm buildings description</h2><br>
<p>A typical farmhouse of the area was generally of two stories with the bedrooms upstairs. A Michigan Basement with thick stone walls can still be found at some of these farmhouses. They were used for storing canned goods. Later years furnaces and water heaters were put in the basement instead. Typical outhouses that were associated with the farmhouses can be found at the Thoreson and Dechow farms.</p><br>
<p>There are several barns still existing in the district. The typical barn of the area had two stories and was used for cows and calves, especially in the winter months. Corn cribs can be found at the Bufka, Burfiend, Dechow, Eitzen, and Thoreson farms. A granary can still be found at the Thoreson, Dechow, and Bufka farms. A sugar house or sugar shack is at the Oechow farm on M22. A silo can be found at the Olsen farm on M22. A cement stave silo is located at the Dechow farm and a tile silo is at the Eitzen farm. A milk house or spring house can be found at the Dechow farm and at the Thoreson Farm. Chicken coops are still found at Dechow, Thoreson and the Lawr farms.</p><br>
<h2>Port Oneida Fair</h2><br>
<p>The Port Oneida Fair takes place once a year on the second Friday and Saturday of August. It displays crafts and skills by representing rural life as it happened during the 19th century and early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Faith Bible Church, built in 1917, was the first church built in Northridge, located in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California. The church building was declared a City of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1975 by the Los Angeles Cultural Historical Board.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church is in the Carpenter Gothic Victorian style. It was built nine years after the Southern Pacific Railroad first laid tracks through Northridge, which was then known as Zelzah station, in 1908. When it was built, the church was originally known as the Norwegian Lutheran Church, as the six families that formed the congregation were of Norwegian descent.</p><br>
<p>Built of wood in the basilican style, with the steeple at the entrance, the churchs early Gothic style is differentiated from the High Victorian Gothic by the thinness of moldings and its generally monochromatic appearance. One writer observed that, "with its steep stairs and narrow girth, it looks like a church youd find sitting all alone on the Kansas plains."</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>The original church building still stands at 18531 Gresham Street in Northridge. For many years, it was known as the Faith Bible Church.</p><br>
<p>More recently, the church has been acquired and operated as a Korean congregation known as either the Northridge Free Methodist Church, or the Los Angeles Antioch Church. The sign on the church in March 2008 (in photograph to the right) identified it as the Los Angeles Antioch Church.</p><br>
<p>The Edwin Abbot House, also known as the Zabriskie House, is an historic house at 1 Follen Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1889 to a design by Longfellow, Alden & Harlow, it is a prominent local example of residential Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. It has served as the principal building of the Longy School  since 1937. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and included in the Follen Street Historic District in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Edwin Abbot House stands west of Harvard Square in western Cambridge, at the formerly five-way junction of Concord Avenue, Garden Street, and Follen Street. Follen Street and the eastern portion of Concord Avenue, both quiet residential streets, are isolated from the rest of the intersection by a pedestrian plaza just south of the house. The traditional front facade of the house faces south toward Follen Street, with its major entrance now in the modern addition facing the Garden Street/Concord Avenue intersection. The main block of the house is 2-1/2 stories in height, and is built out of a combination of gray and rust-colored rectangular granite blocks, with red sandstone trim. It is covered by a red slate hip roof. The front facade is divided into three basic sections, the most prominent a projecting polygonal bay topped by a pyramidal roof. The entrance is set in the center section, under a segmented stone arch. Trim beltcourses extend around the building, acting as both sills and lintels for windows. The interior includes a grand entrance hall with high quality woodwork and a grand staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1889 to a design by Longfellow, Alden & Harlow for lawyer and railroad executive Edwin Hale Abbot (1834–1927). It remained in the Abbot family until 1937, and has since then been home to the institution now called the Longy School of Music of Bard College. In the 1960s a modern addition was made to the north, designed by Huygens and Tappe; it houses the Pickman Concert Hall. The rooms of the mansion are used by the school for a variety of academic purposes, including offices and practice spaces.</p><br>
<p>The John Aborn House is an historic house at 41 Orchard Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1846, it is one of west Cambridge&#39;s first examples of residential housing with Italianate features. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John Aborn House stands in a residential area northwest of Porter Square, on the northeast side of Orchard Street between Blake and Beech Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof and clapboarded exterior. A two-story porch extends across the front, supported by square posts. The gable eaves have decorative brackets, and the ground floor windows on the front are topped by lintels adorned with small brackets.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1846, not long after Orchard Street was platted for development. It was one of the first houses with Italianate elements to be built in the city, coming just one year after the style was introduced. The house was built by Joshua Fernald, a local master carpenter, and was located for convenient access to the Fitchburg Railroad depot (now the Porter MBTA station). It originally did not have a large front porch; a two-story porch with Victorian turned posts and balusters was added about 1890 (as seen in 1972 cultural survey photos); the present porch is a subsequent replacement.</p><br>
<p>The Armory, historically known as the First Regiment Armory Annex, and now called Portland Center Stage at The Armory , is a historic building with two theaters inside and is located in Portland, Oregon, United States and is home to the theater company, Portland Center Stage. It was built in 1891 by Multnomah County to house the Oregon National Guard. In 2000, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Following a $36.1 million renovation project that lasted from 2002 to 2006, the building home to the theater company Portland Center Stage which produces 11 productions each season. An estimated 150,000 visitors visit The Armory annually to enjoy a mix of classical, contemporary and world premiere productions, along with the annual JAW: A Playwrights Festival, and a variety of high quality education and community programs.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, anti-Chinese sentiment, particularly along the West Coast of the United States, had led to anti-Chinese violence in Oregon and Washington. After violence turned to riot in some cases (such as in Seattle), the State of Oregon authorized construction of armories so that National Guard troops could drill, in an effort to prevent or control potential riots.</p><br>
<p>The First Regiment Armory in Portland was completed in 1888, but was immediately deemed too small, and so an Annex was commissioned to give troops stationed there more space for maneuvers. Amenities included an underground firing range. The annex is also an example of Castellated architecture. The fortress-like structure has a recessed arched entrance flanked by turrets above. The turrets have crenelated parapets and loophole vertical gun slots.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>Constructed with a truss system with no supporting pillars to block views or impede movement, the building was one of the few Portland buildings in the early 20th century that could handle large crowds. As a result, the building hosted exhibitions of early motion picture machines, conventions, reunions, recitals, concerts, and speeches by presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. In 1918, the new Municipal Auditorium (now called Keller Auditorium), designed with superior acoustics and comfortable seating, supplanted the Armory for concerts and speeches, though amateur boxing events were still held at the Armory.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, the Portland fire marshal declared the building to be a fire hazard; nonetheless, the building continued to be used. From 1946 to 1948, the Armory was home to the Portland Indians of the Pacific Coast Professional Basketball League. In 1948, the building was used to take in refugees of the Vanport Flood which destroyed the town of Vanport in 1948.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the Blitz-Weinhard Brewing Company purchased the entire complex, demolishing the original Armory for a parking lot and using the Annex as a warehouse.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>The Armory now contains the 590-seat USA Bank Main Stage and 190-seat Ellyn Bye Studio. The reinvention of the building as an arts center was contemplated as early as 2002. The renovation cost $36.1 million.</p><br>
<p>The Armory has become a significant case study for historic preservation and sustainable design. It received a Platinum Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Certification, becoming the first building on the National Register and the first in Portland to achieve Platinum certification. As of 2007, it was one of only two Portland buildings to attain that status. Some of the green features include a catch system for rainwater, displacement ventilation systems, skylights for additional natural lighting and bicycle parking spaces.</p><br>
<p>The Almshouse is an historic almshouse located at 45 Matignon Road in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is now the site of the International School of Boston&#39;s main campus. It was built in 1850, and is a prominent example of institutional residential architecture in stone, resembling prisons of the era. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, where it is incorrectly listed at 41 Orchard Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Cambridge Almshouse is located in the northwestern corner of Cambridge, on the north side of Matignon Road between Matignon High School and the St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Church. It is a large three-story stone structure with modest Greek Revival styling, set partly across the city line between Cambridge and Somerville. It has a central octagonal administrative section from which four wings of varying sizes radiate. It is built mostly out of slate blocks that were quarried from a ledge on site, with dressed dark granite corner quoining, and granite belt courses between the floors. The roof lines are pierced by rows of gabled dormers.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1850, designed by architect Gridley J.F. Bryant and prison reform expert Rev. Louis Dwight. A similar design was used by Bryant for Boston&#39;s Charles Street Jail (built in 1848) and for the Deer Island Jail (1850). The building was the fifth and final instance of an almshouse built by the city. It was built on a farm purchased by the city in 1849 for the purpose of establishing a poor farm. The property was sold to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston in 1927, which operated a school and convent on the premises. (The archdiocese continues to operate Matignon High School, but sold the adjacent church, now St. Sava, in 2006.)</p><br>
<p>The American Net and Twine Company Factory is a historic factory at 155 2nd Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was built in 1875 by the nation&#39;s first manufacturer of cotton fishing nets. It now houses corporate office space. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former American Net and Twine Company Factory stands in a formerly industrial area on the south side of East Cambridge. It is located on the west side of Second Avenue between Charles and Rogers Streets, spanning most of the block between Second and Third Streets. Its parking area is formed out of a truncated part of Bent Street, which continues both east and west of the property. It is an L-shaped three-story brick building, exhibiting industrial Italianate styling. Windows are set in segmented-arch openings, and the truncated gable roof carries a row of gabled dormers. The long leg of the L is oriented east-east (just north of the former alignment of Bent Street), with a projecting four-story stairwell tower near the center of the south elevation. Flat-roof sections to the left, creating the L and interrupting the former Bent Street alignment, are late 19th and early 20th century additions. The sections are stylistically similar to the original portion, also built of brick.</p><br>
<p>The American Net and Twine Company was founded in 1844, and was the first company in the United States to produce fishing nets made from cotton instead of hemp. Prior to its founding, fish netting was imported from the United Kingdom. Ivers Whitney Adams was president of the company at one point.</p><br>
<p>This building was built by the company in 1875 to accommodate rising demand for its products, and was twice expanded between 1886 and 1916. It is currently used as offices, including those of One Laptop per Child and Disney Research among other tech firms.</p><br>
<p>The Ash Street Historic District is a residential historic district on Ash Street and Ash Street Place between Brattle and Mount Auburn Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts, off Brattle Street just west of Harvard Square. The district consists of ten well-preserved houses, most of which were built between 1850 and 1890. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Ash Street is located on the western edge of Harvard Square, extending south from Brattle Street to Memorial Drive. The Ash Street Historic District is located on the northern half of the road, between Brattle and Mount Auburn Streets, including Ash Street Place, a short stub extending eastward. It directly abuts the Old Cambridge Historic District, which lies to the north.</p><br>
<p>Properties on Ash Street are densely built on small lots. The district includes five houses on Ash Street, four with Mount Auburn Street addresses (located at the four corners of the junction), and one on Ash Street Place. Eight were built between 1850 and 1890, and are stylistically diverse. The oldest house in the district is the 1828 Henry Nowell House at 19 Ash Street; it was originally located on Brattle Street, and was moved to its present location in 1858.</p><br>
<p>The oldest house to be built in the district is an 1848 Gothic Revival cottage at 6 Ash Street Place; the only 20th-century building in the district is the 1941 house of noted architect Philip Johnson at 9 Ash Street. This house was designed and built while Johnson was studying at Harvard, and is one of the city&#39;s earliest International Style buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Athenӕum Press Building is an historic building located at 215 First Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It occupies the entire block between First Street, Second Street, Athenaeum Street, and Linskey Way . Topped by a statue of Athena, it is visible from the Charles River and Longfellow Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Lockwood, Greene & Company (with tile vaults designed by the Guastavino Company) and completed in 1895. It was built for Ginn and Company, owners of the Athenaeum Press, to house its printing operations, and was built using principles of late 19th-century textile mill construction. Due to its highly visible location, the building was given a number of stylistic embellishments. The front of the building resembles an Ancient Greek temple implemented in brick, patinated copper, and glass. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The building was the third major printing house built in Cambridge (after those of Harvard University Press and Riverside Press), and one of the first major industrial sites on Cambridge&#39;s riverfront.</p><br>
<p>The building has 380,000 ft&sup2; of floor space and was renovated circa 2005. The facility was used for many years to print textbooks. Ginn later became part of the Penguin Group.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>As of 2011, the largest tenant in the building is the Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts in Boston. Other occupants include the Cambridge Athletic Club (a local gym), the Lean Enterprise Institute, Kleinfelder, Inc., SAGE Therapeutics, Constellation Pharmaceuticals, bluebird bio, Inc. and several other small businesses.</p><br>
<p>The Ephraim Atwood House is an historic house at 110 Hancock Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1839, it is a significant local example of transitional Greek Revival/Gothic Revival architecture, and one of the earliest houses built after the subdivision of Dana Hill. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ephraim Atwood House stands in the Dana Hill area of Cambridge, between Central Square and Harvard Square north of Massachusetts Avenue. It is set on the east side of Harvard Street, opposite its junction with Centre Street, and is oriented facing south. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The roof extends over a shallow front porch for its full five-bay width, supported by Doric columns which have trellis lattices between some pairs. The main entrance is at the center of the main block, which is extended to the east by an enclosed porch. The gable rake edges are adorned with jigsawn bargeboard, a detail repeated on the gabled dormers piercing the roof.</p><br>
<p>The area was historically the estate of jurist Francis Dana, which was divided among his heirs after his death. The main mansion was sold out of the family at that time, and burned down in 1839, spurring family members to sell buildable lots from their holdings. This house and the nearly identical house next door were both built in 1839. They exhibit fairly typical modest Greek Revival elements, but also include early examples of Gothic detailing in the bargeboard, and in an applied-wood Gothic arch over the window in the street-facing gable end.</p><br>
<p>The Avon Hill Historic District is a residential historic district near Porter Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Set atop Avon Hill southwest of Porter Square, this subdivision, laid out about 1870, contains a concentration of the finest Victorian and Second Empire residential buildings in the city. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Avon Hill was originally known as Jones Hill, and was used agriculturally from the mid-17th to mid-19th centuries. The five acres at the top of the hill were sold for development in 1869 to Henry Melendez and Gilbert Dexter, two prominent local businessmen. Each built a fine Second Empire house on Washington Street; that of Melendez survives, while Dexter&#39;s burned down in 1939. The area was built out by 1890 with architecturally distinguished houses on large landscaped lots, mainly for the owners of local businesses. Four of the houses were designed by the prominennt firm of Hartwell & Richardson, while a number of the others were designed by other local architects. Only two houses in the district were built after 1900.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Washington Street between Upland and Lancaster Streets, and along Lancaster Street most of the way east to Massachusetts Avenue. It also includes all of Walnut Street, most of Arlington Streets, and a few houses on Agassiz and Humboldt Streets, and on Hillside Avenue, all of which abut one of the other streets. There are 44 properties, all residential. Most of them are large 2-1/2 story wood-frame buildings; one building has brick walls, while another has a combination of brick and wooden finishes. All were originally built as single-family dwellings, but some have since been divided internally into multiple living units.</p><br>
<p>The B and B Chemical Company is an historic office and industrial building at 784 Memorial Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1937 for an adhesive manufacturer to a design by Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott, it is a prominent local example of Streamline Moderne architecture. It served for many years as the headquarters of the Polaroid Corporation. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is now owned by The Bulfinch Companies of Needham, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former B and B Chemical Company building is located in the Cambridgeport neighborhood of Cambridge, on the east side of Memorial Drive between River Street and Pleasant Street Extension. It is a basically rectangular structure, with a four-story central section flanked by three-story wings. It has a frame of steel and concrete, and is mainly faced in buff brick. The central section is recessed from the wings, but a projecting cornice on the wings extends over the recess area to provide a curved canopy over the entrance. The central part of the center section is even taller, with a projecting rounded window bay topped by a clock face. The wings are symmetrical, with the ground floor composed mainly of glass blocks interspersed with regularly spaced horizontal windows. The upper floors are defined by long bands of horizontal windows.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott and built in 1937 for the B and B Chemical Company, a subsidiary of the United Shoe Machinery Corporation. The facility, which include a more simply designed second building behind this one, produced adhesives used in the shoe manufacturing process at other plants. It later served as the headquarters for the Polaroid Corporation for many years. It is now owned by The Bulfinch Companies, and is occupied by Nimbus Discovery, a biotechnology firm.</p><br>
<p>The James B. Barnes House is an historic house at 109 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1824 and moved to its present location in 1984, it is one of the only brick Federal-style houses left in Cambridge, and is a rare survivor of the early period of development in East Cambridge. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The James Barnes House now stands in Cambridge&#39;s Wellington-Harrington neighborhood, set facing west on the north side of Hampshire Street between Columbia and Union Streets. It is a -story brick structure, with a side gable roof. It is five bays wide and two deep, with a center entrance set in an opening with a Federal style fanlight.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1824 for an English glassmaker employed at the New England Glass Company. In 1910 it was moved within its original lot facing Monsignor OBrien Highway to accommodate a road widening project. It was moved to its present location in 1984. The house is distinctive in Cambridge as a rare example Federal period brick architecture, the only such example with a fanlight above the entrance. It is also one of the few residential buildings to survive from the early years of East Cambridges development.</p><br>
<p>The Beck-Warren House, also known just as the Warren House, is an historic house on 1 Prescott Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Now on the campus of Harvard University, this large Greek Revival wood frame house was built in 1833 for Professor Charles Beck, and was later purchased and adapted by the physically disabled Henry Clarke Warren, a Sanskrit scholar. Since 1899 it has belonged to Harvard University, for whom it presently houses offices. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Warren House stands in the eastern part of the Harvard campus, on the west side of Prescott Street, as part of an entire city block (just east of Harvard Yard) of Harvard-owned buildings. It has a 2-1/2 story main block, which is covered by a front-facing gable roof, with single-story side-gabled wings extending to the sides that are flush with the front facade. The main facade faces west, into a pedestrian area providing access to the other Harvard buildings on the block. The main block&#39;s corners are pilastered, while those of the wings are have wooden quoining. The gable is fully pedimented, with a half-round window at the center. A single-story porch extends across the central three bays, its flat roof and entablature supported by smooth Doric columns. The interior features a distinctive blend of Greek Revival and Colonial Revival features, the latter done during the ownership of Henry Warren, handicapped by a spinal deformity from childhood. The second-floor alterations were particularly made to adapt to his needs.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1833 by Charles Beck, a Professor of Latin at Harvard. It was built on land that was previously part of the large estate of Francis Dana and subdivided by his heirs. It was acquired in 1891 by Henry Clarke Warren, serving as his home until his death in 1899. Warren made numerous alterations to the interior to accommodate is physical disability, including an overly sized heating system which he was said to run up to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by Harvard in 1899. When first acquired, it was used to house the philosophy library, and then the English department. It was moved in 1900 (within its historic lot) to make room for the construction of the Harvard Union to the south. Since 1997, it has served as offices for other Harvard organizations.</p><br>
<p>The Bennink-Douglas Cottages are a collection of four historic worker duplexes on 35-51 Walker Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1874 as a speculative venture, they typify the housing built for low and middle-income workers in the 1870s. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bennink-Douglas Cottages are located in an densely built residential area between the Cambridge Common and the Radcliffe Quadrangle, on the south side of Walker Street. The four buildings are each 1-1/2 story wood frame structure on brick foundations, with mansard roofs that provide a full second floor. Each cottage is four bays wide, with two entrances in the center bays and polygonal projecting window bays in the outer bays, rising through the mansard level. The steep sections of the roofs feature hexagonal slate shingles. Three of the four have bracketed hoods sheltering the entrances; the fourth had its porch rebuilt in the Colonial Revival style. The roof eaves also have paired Italianate brackets.</p><br>
<p>The four cottages were built in 1874 as a speculative venture by Gerritt Bennink and William Douglas for sale as low-to-middle-cost housing for workers. Their style was typical of low-cost housing built during the 1870s throughout Cambridge, a period in which the city experienced rapid growth; by the late 1880s, the triple-decker became a more common low-cost construction. The exteriors of these four buildings have, for the most part, retained their original appearance. The land on which they were built was subdivided for development in 1868; it had been pasture land before then.</p><br>
<p>The Berkeley Street Historic District is a historic district on Berkeley Street and Berkeley Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It encompasses a neighborhood containing one of the greatest concentrations of fine Italianate and Second Empire houses in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, with a substantial increase in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Berkeley Street is located west of Cambridge Common in western Cambridge, running parallel to and south of Concord Avenue between Craigie Street and Garden Street. Land in this area was acquired by Harvard University professor Joseph Worcester in 1843, and laid out for subdivision in 1852. Most of the houses on Berkeley Street were built between 1852 and 1872, for people prominent in business, culture, and politics. Berkeley Place, a deadend street projecting southerly from Berkely Street, was laid out in 1890; it was originally a back lane to the Longfellow House, which was Worcester&#39;s home in the 1840s. Most of its houses date to the period between 1892 and 1918.</p><br>
<p>When the district was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, it included 15 properties on Berkeley Street. Most of these houses are in the fashionable Bracketed Italianate style of that time, with a number of examples of the Second Empire style. A few later houses, built in the Queen Anne style, are sympathetic to the earlier houses in massing and style. Four years later the district was expanded to include most of the properties on Berkeley Place. Stylistically, they are a cross section of styles fashionable at that time: Queen Anne, Shingle, and Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>Bertram Hall at Radcliffe College is an historic dormitory building on the Radcliffe Quadrangle of Harvard University at 53 Shepard Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1895, it was the first dormitory building constructed for Radcliffe College. The building is now one of the dormitories of Harvard&#39;s Cabot House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bertram Hall is located on the south side of the Radcliffe Quadrangle, between its grassy center and Shepard Street. It is a 3-1/2 story brick building with Georgian Revival styling. It is covered by a dormered hip roof. It is nine bays wide, with a central five-bay section and symmetrical two-bay end sections that project slightly. The building corners have brick quoining, and the eave is adorned with modillions. Most windows are set in rectangular openings with stone sills and splayed stone lintels; those on the ground floors of the end sections are set in blind round-arch recesses. The main entrance is at the center, sheltered by a single-story porch with Tuscan columns and a balustrade on the roof.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1901 to a design by Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow, Jr. It was the first of the quadrangles buildings to be built, and the first dormitory building at Radcliffe College, representing a major shift in the colleges policy from placement of its boarding students in private homes. It was funded by a donation from the Radcliffe class of 1895.</p><br>
<p>Beth Israel Synagogue is a historic former Jewish synagogue building at 238 Columbia Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1901, it was the first and principal synagogue to serve the East Cambridge area, and is a fine local example of Romanesque architecture. Now converted into residential condominiums, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Beth Israel Synagogue stands in The Port neighborhood of eastern Cambridge, on the east side of Columbia Street, between Hampshire and Market Streets. It is a two story brick building with a gabled roof and flanking square towers. Its Romanesque styling includes bands of narrow round-arch windows and a large Syrian arch sheltering the main entrance. Brick corbelling adorns the eaves of the pyramidal tower roofs, and is featured in multiple bands at the base of the front gable. The building was designed by Nathan Douglass and completed in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The known history of Jewish worship in East Cambridge begins in 1898, with the founding of Congregation Anshai Sfard. It originally met in private residences. Congregation Beth Israel was founded in 1900, and construction was begun on this building in 1901. In 1906 the congregation divide over doctrinal differences, resulting in the founding of Congregation Agudath Ashkenazim. By 1982, the Beth Israel building, no longer used as a synagogue, was taken over by the Cambridge Redevelopment Authority, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The former synagogue building currently houses condominium units.</p><br>
<p>The Bigelow Street Historic District encompasses a uniform collection of 19th century houses on most of the length of Bigelow Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, just northwest of Central Square. Bigelow Street was laid out in 1868, and the street was almost completely built out by 1874, resulting in a fairly uniform streetscape of Second Empire architecture. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bigelow Street consists of one long city block, extending north from Massachusetts Avenue to Harvard Street west of Central Square. The street was laid out in 1868 by Albert Vinal, a local real estate developer. Vinal sold off the building lots to various builders, who almost completely built the street out by 1874. The resulting streetscape, which extends to include a portion of the adjacent block of Inman Street, is somewhat uniform in terms of scale and setback, and consists almost entirely of housing in the Second Empire style.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along almost the entire block of Bigelow Street, excluding only buildings facing Harvard Street or Massachusetts Avenue at the ends, as well as two non-contributing houses near the Massachusetts Avenue end. It also includes two buildings on Inman Street, whose backs abut Bigelow Street properties. Most of the buildings are wood-frame single-family structures with mansard roofs; one is a triple decker, three are duplexes, and there are two brick rowhouses, also with mansard roofs. One particularly elaborate house is that at 6 Bigelow Street, which features paired porch columns with ornate capitals; it was built for the treasurer of a local collar manufacturer.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Billings House is an historic house on 45 Orchard Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1846, it is one of west Cambridge&#39;s first examples of residential housing with Italianate features. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Frederick Billings House stands in a residential area northwest of Porter Square, on the northeast side of Orchard Street between Blake and Beech Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof and clapboarded exterior. A single-story porch extends across the front, supported by tapered round columns. The gable eaves have decorative brackets, and the ground floor windows on the front are topped by lintels adorned with small brackets. Two-story ells extend the original main block to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1846, not long after Orchard Street was platted for development. It was one of the first houses with Italianate styling to be built in the city (along with the adjacent John Aborn House), coming just one year after the style was introduced. The house was built by Joshua Fernald, a local master carpenter, and was located for convenient access to the Fitchburg Railroad depot (now the Porter MBTA station). The front porch is a later (1890s) addition.</p><br>
<p>St. Marys Church  located at Fort St George, is the oldest Anglican church  East of Suez and also the oldest British building in India. The church is popularly known as the Westminster Abbey of the East&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1639, when Madras was founded, until 1678, when Streynsham Master was appointed the English East India Companys Agent at Madras, religious services were conducted in the dining-room of the Factory House. It was at Masters initiative, and without the sanction of the Directors of the Company, that a subscription was started for the construction of the church.</p><br>
<p>The sum collected amounted to 805 pagodas with the Governor and other officers contributing. Construction was started on 25 March 1678 - Lady Day, whereby the church acquired its name. The church was rendered the only bomb-proof building at the time, in the Fort, on account of a peculiarly designed roof, details of which are provided under Architecture.</p><br>
<p>Construction was completed in the course of two years and the church was consecrated on 28 October 1680 by the chaplain Rev. Richard Portman. The ceremony was marked by the firing of small arms and cannon by the fort&#39;s garrison.</p><br>
<p>On account of its peculiar roof-structure, the church was used as a barrack and granary between December, 1758 and January, 1759 during the Second Carnatic War, when the French besieged Madras and again when Hyder Ali invaded the town in the late 18th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architect of the church was either Edward Foule, Master-Gunner of Fort St. George, or William Dixon, Chief Gunner of the Fort, in 1678.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of a nave and two aisles, with the nave protruding about 12 feet further than the aisles, thus forming the sanctuary. This extension was carried out in 1884 to house the choir.</p><br>
<p>At the west end of the nave is a spacious gallery, resting on carved Burma teak pillars, which originally housed the seat for the Governor. In 1761, this was considerably enlarged to incorporate an organ, and provided with the two curved staircases, which still exist, to access the gallery from outside. In the nineteenth century, the gallery was reduced to its present size, and the organ removed later, in 1884, coincident with the building of the new sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Though it now has a tower to the west of the nave, this was not part of the original design but was rather added at the end of the seventeenth century on the orders of Sir John Goldsborough. The spire was added at the beginning of the eighteenth century and some old prints show the tower without the spire. The tower originally stood free of the church and was linked up with the main building much later.</p><br>
<p>Two vestries at the east end of each of the aisles were built in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The internal dimensions of the building are 86 feet by 56 feet, with the outside walls 4 feet thick and the walls separating the nave from the aisles, 3 feet thick. The extraordinary thickness of the walls was to protect the building from attack and damage during storms.</p><br>
<p>One of the unique and cunning features that was incorporated in its design was a bomb-proof roof approximately four feet thick and rounded in the manner of a wagon&#39;s roof, so as to cause cannonballs to ricochet. However, it must be kept in mind that the bombs it was designed to withstand were seventeenth century cannonballs. Also, wood was avoided as much as possible in the original design to obviate fires.</p><br>
<h2>Altar piece</h2><br>
<p>The altar piece, a depiction of the Last Supper, is unsigned but is said to betray obvious signs of the Raphaelite school, and it is supposed that Raphael himself painted the central figures. The altar piece was brought to Madras as part of the spoils of war by the British troops who stormed Pondicherry in 1761.</p><br>
<h2>Church-Yard</h2><br>
<p>Originally, no church-yard existed and all those who died in the fort were buried in the Guava Garden, that adjoined the Governor&#39;s House in the 17th and early 18th centuries. This grove was located where the High Court of Judicature, now stands.</p><br>
<p>During the second siege of Madras by the French, in 1758-&#39;59, the British were put to great difficulties by the fact that the French were afforded shelter from bullets and shells by the tombs. Therefore, on the petition to the Select Committee of Sir John Call, the Chief Engineer of the fort, the cemetery was re-located to the north-west of the island, while the tomb-stones were brought and placed around the church. Some of them were again removed during the investiture of the fort by Hyder Ali, when they were used as gun-platforms. It was not until 1807 that they were re-collected and restored to their former position around the church.</p><br>
<p>When the Capuchin Church of St. Andrew was demolished subsequent to the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, many of the tomb-stones were brought here, thus explaining the large numbers of Roman Catholic grave-stones, inscribed in Latin and Portuguese.</p><br>
<h2>Important ceremonies and burials</h2><br>
<p>This ancient prayer house solemnized the marriages of both Robert Clive and Elihu Yale. He was a governor of Fort St. George, and a vestryman and treasurer of St Marys Church. His later gift of money to Cotton Mather helped in the foundation of Yale University in the United States of America. On 6 October 1968, the 250th anniversary of the naming of Yale College for Elihu Yale, the classmates of Chester Bowles, then the American ambassador to India, donated money for lasting improvements to the church and erected a plaque to commemorate the occasion.</p><br>
<p>Among those interred within the walls of the church are four other governors of Fort St. George – Sir Thomas Munro, Bt., George, Lord Pigot, the Rt. Hon. Vere Henry, Lord Hobart and Sir Henry George Ward.</p><br>
<p>Numerous memorial-plaques and monuments exist within the church of which two, that of Sir Barry Close, who was Adjutant General to Gen. George Harris at the Siege of Seringapatam, and gave his name to Closepet, and that of Lt. Col. Joseph Moorhouse, who was killed at the Siege of Bangalore, in the Third Anglo-Mysore War, would be of particular interest to the historian.</p><br>
<p>Bird artist Elizabeth Gwillim (d. 1807) is also buried here.</p><br>
<p>Read Island is an island in British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the Discovery Islands between Vancouver Island and the mainland, between the Strait of Georgia and Johnstone Strait.</p><br>
<p>Read Island is located between Quadra Island and Cortes Island, southeast of Maurelle Island and southwest of the Rendezvous Islands. Read Island is separated from Quadra Island by Hoskyn Channel, from Maurelle Island by Whiterock Channel, and from Cortes Island by Sutil Channel. Evans Bay forms a large inlet on the east side of Read Island. Read Island has a population of approximately 80 residents and is located within Electoral Area C of the Strathcona Regional District. The locality of Read Island, British Columbia, which is a census-designated place, is located on the east side of the island, near its south end, at 50&deg;11&prime;00&Prime;N latitude, 125&deg;05&prime;00&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Read Island was named around 1864 by Daniel Pender, captain of the Beaver, for Captain William Viner Read, who was a naval assistant at the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office at the time. Viner Point, the southern point of the island, was named in association.</p><br>
<p>There are several routes by which to reach Kibo, or Uhuru Peak, the highest summit of Mount Kilimanjaro, namely, Marangu, Rongai, Lemosho, Shira, Umbwe and Machame.</p><br>
<p>Being one of the most popular mountains in the world, roughly 50,000 trekkers every year try to reach the summit of Mt Kilimanjaro. According to research published by the Climb Kilimanjaro Guide, the average summit success rate across all climbers and routes is 65%. However, summit success rate heavily depends upon what route is climbed as routes vary considerably in terms of acclimatization profile and duration of climb.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<h3>Machame</h3><br>
<p>Nicknamed the "Whiskey" route because the route is popularized as somewhat difficult and more expensive than Marangu route. On an overall comparison of the routes to scale Kilimanjaro, this is one of the best routes to take, both in terms of acclimatization and cost. In certain sections this route is steeper than the Marangu and Rongai routes and physically more demanding but is easier overall.</p><br>
<p>Highly recommended for scenic value</p><br>
<p>Great for acclimatization with lots of walk high, sleep low opportunities</p><br>
<p>Challenging trek with stunning scenery through 5 diverse climatic zones</p><br>
<p>Good opportunity to split pre-summit day climb to leave climbers rested before summiting</p><br>
<p>Very popular trail</p><br>
<p>Fully catered camping only</p><br>
<p>it takes 6–7 days for climbing.</p><br>
<h3>Marangu</h3><br>
<p>Nicknamed the "Coca-Cola" route because the route is popularized as easy and cheap. This, however, is a misconception as the route is more difficult due to the not as good acclimatization profile as Machame/Rongai/Lemosho routes.</p><br>
<p>Often selected by unprepared, inexperienced climbers because of its reputation for being the "easiest" route, attributing to the lower success rate</p><br>
<p>The shortest and cheapest route, but less time to acclimatize, therefore lower success rate</p><br>
<p>Dormitory style accommodation in huts</p><br>
<p>Less scenic due to ascent and descent on same route</p><br>
<h3>Shira / Lemosho</h3><br>
<p>High summit success rate. Good for acclimatization, especially on the longer itineraries</p><br>
<p>Remote and spectacular, dramatic gorges and views of west Kilimanjaro</p><br>
<p>Converges with Machame on day 4 at Baranco</p><br>
<p>Shira offers higher start point compared to Lemosho and poorer acclimatisation</p><br>
<p>Fully catered camping only</p><br>
<p>The longest distance is 68 kilometers or 42.3 miles</p><br>
<p>The Lemosho route approaches Kilimanjaro from the west. Rather than simply intersecting Shira Plateau (like Machame), Lemosho crosses it from Shira Ridge to Shira 2 Camp, in a pleasant hike. Climbers encounter low traffic until the route joins the Machame route. Afterwards, Lemosho follows the same route through Lava Tower, Barranco and Barafu, known as the southern circuit. There are several options to complete the trek over 6, 7, or 8 days based on your experience.</p><br>
<p>Climbing the Lemosho Route for 8 days is considered the best option for beginners, with the success rate being nearly 95%.</p><br>
<h3>Rongai</h3><br>
<p>Only northern approach to Kilimanjaro</p><br>
<p>Offers a true wilderness experience on the early stages of the climb</p><br>
<p>Very tough final summit night from the north</p><br>
<p>Fewer acclimatisation opportunities</p><br>
<p>Less scenic and flat than other routes</p><br>
<p>Also known as the Nalemuru route. Although the scenery is not as varied as the western routes, Rongai makes up for this by passing through true wilderness areas for days before joining the Marangu route at Kibo camp. Rongai is a moderately difficult route, and is highly recommended, especially for those with less backpacking experience. There are different options to complete the climb in 5, 6, or 7 days.</p><br>
<h3>Umbwe</h3><br>
<p>Steep, short route with lower success rate</p><br>
<p>Poor acclimatization because of rapid ascent</p><br>
<p>Very remote and quiet</p><br>
<p>Fully catered camping only</p><br>
<p>Of all the routes, Umbwe is by far the most scenic albeit steeper route up the mountain. The Rongai is the easiest camping route and the Marangu is also easy, but accommodation is in huts. As a result, this route tends to be very busy and ascent and descent routes are the same. Although the Rongai route is a flatter walk, it offers less opportunities for acclimatisation. The Machame and Lemosho routes both allow better opportunities to "walk high and sleep low", which is critical to avoiding altitude sickness.</p><br>
<h3>Northern Circuit</h3><br>
<p>Longest route up Kilimanjaro - good for acclimatization</p><br>
<p>Only route to traverse all of the Northern Slopes on a circumnavigation of the mountain</p><br>
<p>Beautiful scenery from the western approach</p><br>
<p>Fully catered camping only</p><br>
<p>The Northern Circuit is the newest route up Kilimanjaro and also the longest. The Northern Circuit takes a minimum of 8 days to complete but most operators offer the 9 day option. Because of its length, the Northern Circuit has the highest summit success rate. The route follows the same as the Lemosho Route for the first two days and then veers off to circle around the quieter northern slopes to the east side of the mountain. There a number of route variations, but generally the Northern Circuit approaches the summit via Gilman’s Point before descending on the same route as the Machame and Lemosho.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing description</h2><br>
<p>The trek to Uhuru Peak is considered to be a relatively straightforward endeavour; however, ample time must still be provided for proper acclimatization to prevent altitude sickness. The three shortest routes, Marangu, Rongai, and Machame, are less challenging and are often trekked by individuals with limited mountaineering experience. Some trekkers employ altitude-sickness medication, including acetazolamide, but taking at least seven days is the best way to avoid altitude sickness as your body needs proper time to adapt and acclimatize to high altitude.</p><br>
<p>Route travel times range from five to nine days to summit and return to the base of the mountain. Huts with cooking facilities, bathrooms, and electricity are available on the Marangu route, and camps with fewer facilities are available on many other routes. All huts and many camps have rangers stationed at them with rescue facilities (modified wheelbarrows to transport trekkers stricken with altitude sickness to lower altitudes).</p><br>
<p>Trekkers on Mount Kilimanjaro typically have a support crew of guides and porters who are integral in helping climbers reach the summit. The size of the support crew depends on the number of trekkers in a group and is regulated by the Kilimanjaro National Park (KINAPA). Tour operators are expected to comply with KINAPA guide and porter regulations. A typical climbing group of 2 trekkers will have one guide, one assistant guide, 6 porters (3 for each climber) and one cook. Porters are responsible for carrying a trekkers gear as well as key items like tents, water and cooking supplies. It is customary to tip guides and porters at the last meal on the mountain or at the end of the trip. The tipping value varies depending on the number of days spent on the mountain and the number of climbers in a group.</p><br>
<p>Summit attempts are generally begun at midnight so that trekkers can reach the rim of the crater to view the sunrise. Walking overnight also means the ground (loose gravel) is frozen, making the going significantly easier.</p><br>
<p>Trekkers on the Marangu route first encounter Gilman&#39;s Point on the rim of the crater, which is roughly a 1.5 hour hike from Uhuru Peak. Trekkers who follow the Southern Circuit will reach the summit via Stella Point which is about an hour from the summit. Both these compare with the Rongai route where the trip from where you reach the rim to the summit can be over two hours making for a very long summit day.</p><br>
<p>Another route is the Western Breach, which includes short sections of scrambling (where hands are required for balance and support). The rock on Kilimanjaro though is highly fragmented and deaths from rockfall from above have happened.</p><br>
<p>On all the southern routes and on the Western Breach climb it is possible to sleep overnight in the crater. This has three major advantages. First, you can summit during the day, avoiding the midnight rush. Second, you have time to visit the crater and explore the glaciers. Finally, you can get back to the rim very early the next day to see the sunrise. The Furtwängler Glacier on Kilimanjaro is a remnant of the ice cap that once covered the mountain. This has retreated dramatically over the last century with over 80 percent glacial retreat. The glacier is named after Walter Furtwängler, who along with Ziegfried Koenig, were the fourth to ascend to the summit of Kilimanjaro in 1912.</p><br>
<p>At the summit, there is a sign posted by the Tanzanian government. The sign (printed in English only) reads "Congratulations! You are now at Uhuru Peak, Tanzania, 5,895 m. AMSL. Africas Highest Point. Worlds Highest Free-Standing Mountain." It formerly had a fourth part of the sign, which read, "One of World&#39;s Largest Volcanos. Welcome." The sign is covered in travel stickers from past trekkers who have left their mark on the top of the peak. Near this famous sign is a box containing a log that many trekkers have signed.</p><br>
<h2>Trekking routes</h2><br>
<p>Kilimanjaro has a number of official climbing routes. These are:</p><br>
<p>Northern Circuit</p><br>
<p>Machame</p><br>
<p>Marangu</p><br>
<p>Rongai</p><br>
<p>Londorossi Lemosho</p><br>
<p>Umbwe</p><br>
<p>Shira</p><br>
<p>Mweka (descent only)</p><br>
<p>Please note the indicative costs in the table below do not account for VAT which was implemented on all Tourism related activities in Tanzania in 2016 by the Ministry of Tourism in Tanzania.</p><br>
<h3>Summary of routes</h3><br>
<p>A three-dimensional Google-Earth route map can be seen here.</p><br>
<h3>Northern Circuit</h3><br>
<p>The Northern Circuit is the newest route on Kilimanjaro and takes 8–9 days. It begins from the north, then traverses nearly the entire mountain counter clockwise before approaching the summit from the east. This route offers diverse views, making a particularly scenic route. Being a lengthy, wilderness route, and the only route to cross the northern face, there is very little traffic on this route. Its length means that it provides more acclimatisation time than other routes.</p><br>
<p>Registration for the route is at Londorossi Gate, with the trek itself beginning at the road head at Lemosho Glades and following a little used track called Chambers Route. The route then follows around the northern face of the mountain, crossing the high desert plateau of Shira Caldera and passing Shira Cathedral to reach Moir Valley and then Buffalo Ridge. From here, the route climbs onto The Saddle, a lunar landscape which stretches between Kibo and Mawenzi Peaks. The overnight ascent to the summit is made from School Hut campsite to the crater rim at Gilmans Point, from where a trail leads on to the summit of Kilimanjaro at Uruhu Peak. Descent from the summit is made via Stella Point, Barafu Camp, and Millennium Camp, leaving the park at Mweka Gate.</p><br>
<h3>Lemosho route</h3><br>
<p>This is an unspoilt, remote, less-used, and beautiful way up to the Shira Plateau. Trekkers sometimes use it to ascend the Western Breach route or follow it with the Kibo South Circuit to ascend by the easier Barafu Route. The first day of the route hardly ever has any game animals, and armed rangers never accompany a group.</p><br>
<p>The standard route takes 7 days on the mountain, and is sometimes extended to 8 days with a stay at Karanga Valley.</p><br>
<p>Route Outline</p><br>
<p>Drive from Moshi or Arusha to Londorossi Park Gate (2,250 m, 2 hours). From here a forest track requiring a four-wheel drive vehicle leads to Lemosho Glades (2,100 m, 11 km, 45 minutes) and a possible campsite (park fees are not paid to camp here). Walk along forest trails to Mti Mkubwa (big tree) campsite, (2,750 m, 3 hours).</p><br>
<p>The trail gradually steepens and enters the giant heather moorland zone. Several streams are crossed then it gains the Shira Ridge at about (3,600 m and drops gently down to Shira 1 camp located by a stream on the Shira Plateau ((3,500 m, 7 hours). This campsite could be omitted.</p><br>
<p>A gentle walk across the plateau leads to Shira 2 camp on moorland meadows by a stream ((3,850 m, 4 hours). A variety of walks are available on the plateau making this an excellent acclimatization day.</p><br>
<p>Continue east towards Kibo passing the junction, then east towards the Lava Tower. Shortly after this, you descend to Barranco hut ((3,940 m, 6 hours).</p><br>
<p>A short scramble to the top of the Great Barranco and then a traverse over scree and ridges to the Karanga Valley ((4,000 m, 3 hours), beneath the icefalls of the Heim, Kersten, and Decken Glaciers. After climbing out of the Karanga Valley, the trail ascends a ridge to the Barafu Hut, a bleak location with little vegetation at (4,600 m, (3 hours walking).</p><br>
<p>An early start for the ascent to the rim of the Kibo Crater between the Rebmann and Ratzel Glaciers, (6 hours). The last section before the rim can sometimes be snow-covered and an ice-axe or ski stick is useful for balance. At the rim, Stella point is reached (18,652 feet (5,685 m)). From here, a further hour leads to Uhuru Peak, from where there are often fine views of Meru to the west and the jagged peak of Mawenzi to the east. Descend to the Barafu Hut (3 hours) for a rest and lunch before continuing on past Millenium camp down to camp at Mweka Hut in the giant heather zone on the forest edge (4 hours). Those with energy on the summit may wish to descend to the Reutsh Crater and visit the ice pinnacles of the Eastern Icefields.</p><br>
<p>A 3-4 hour descent through forest brings you to the park gate.</p><br>
<h3>Machame route</h3><br>
<p>The Machame route as of 2006 is described here. The route is typically done on a six- or seven-day hike.</p><br>
<p>The campsites and gates (with corresponding elevations) are as follows:</p><br>
<p>Machame Gate (start of trek) 5,718 ft</p><br>
<p>Machame 9,927 ft</p><br>
<p>Shira 12,355 ft</p><br>
<p>Barranco 13,066 ft</p><br>
<p>Karanga (optional camp, used by 7-day climbers)</p><br>
<p>Barafu (high camp before summit) 15,239 ft</p><br>
<p>Mweka (descent) 10,204 ft</p><br>
<p>Mweka Gate (end of trek) 5,423 ft</p><br>
<p>One benefit of the Machame route is its quick rise to relatively high elevations (~10,000 ft), and a short ascent to the Lava Tower site (~15,000 ft) before descending back to Barranco Camp (~12,700 ft) on the same day. This follows the climber&#39;s adage "climb high, sleep low", and helps altitude acclimation. The initial steep ascent also helps trekkers acclimatise better.</p><br>
<p>The Machame route starts from Machame Gate and travels upwards through the montane rainforest, characterized by dense vegetation, a muddy trail, and short sections of steep climbs. The first campsite, Machame Camp, is right after the dense tree cover in an area with lower but still thick bushlands.</p><br>
<p>The second day continues through increasingly sparse trees and bushes into moorlands. The day finishes with Shira Camp, which is on a small plateau in the high moorlands, and features views of Kibo in the northeast and Mount Meru towards the west. White necked ravens can be seen throughout the day. There is also a set of small caves a short walk from the campsite known as the Shira Caves.</p><br>
<p>The third day starts in the moorlands and moves into alpine desert, with fewer trees and more rocks. The highest point is the base of the Lava Tower, after which the trail descends into the Barranco Valley. More vegetation is present in this zone, especially the area just before the campsite. This area is called the "Garden of the Senecios", which features many of the huge senecio plants. Shorter lobelia plants are also present.</p><br>
<p>The fourth day starts with the ascent of the Barranco Wall, which is considered a scramble in climbing terms. The trail continues with many up and down sections across small streams and rivulets and finally crosses the Karanga River to the Karanga campsite.</p><br>
<p>The fifth day follows the path up and across a rocky zone, finishing at the high camp Barafu. Very little vegetation can be found on the inhospitable terrain. A field of sedimentary rocks litters the ground. (Note - the six-day trek omits the Karanga campsite, and trekkers continue directly to Barafu on the same day.)</p><br>
<p>The summit is usually attempted on the very early morning of the sixth day (around midnight). Barafu is also used as a summit campsite for the Umbwe route. Trekkers typically take somewhere between five and seven hours to ascend, using headlamps and cold weather gear. Making the ascent on a full moon or shortly thereafter can make the headtorch unnecessary. The first milestone, generally reached shortly after dawn, is Stella Point (18,652 ft), which is on the crater rim. Following Stella Point, the trail continues for another 60 minutes to Uhuru Peak, the summit.</p><br>
<p>The descent back to Barafu takes roughly four hours. Some trekkers scree slide down the slope, which entails skidding/running down the loose gravel at medium speed. From Barafu, trekkers typically take a short break, and continue downwards through the alpine desert and ensuing moorlands to Mweka Camp.</p><br>
<p>The seventh and final day has trekkers continue through the montane forest to Mweka Gate. Troops of black-and-white colobus monkeys can often be seen in the dense growth.</p><br>
<p>Detailed description:</p><br>
<h3>Marangu Route</h3><br>
<p>The Marangu Route (also known at the "Coca-Cola" route) is the easiest ascent of Kilimanjaro, although any ascent can be challenging. Climbs can be done over 6 days. It crosses The Saddle, a 5 km wide, high-altitude, semi-desert that separates craggy Mawenzi from the main summit Kibo. From the summit, glaciers, screes, cliffs, afro-alpine moorland, and forests lead down to the cultivated foothills.</p><br>
<p>The Merangu route is a favourite of local tour operators as it&#39;s the shortest route and requires no camping gear to be carried. For this reason it is often the cheapest option. Because of its short profile, the Merangu route actually has the lowest summit success rate out of any route.</p><br>
<p>Trekkers sometimes spend an extra day to acclimate to the altitude at Horombo Hut. Also, trekkers often start the final ascent to Uhuru Peak early from Kibo Hut, because the scree is easier to climb when frozen, and dawn views from the crater rim are often spectacular.</p><br>
<p>Route Outline</p><br>
<p>Drive to Marangu Gate. Walk through the rain forest to Mandara hut (2,743 m, about 3 hours).</p><br>
<p>Leave the forest and cross open moor land to Horombo hut (3,760 m).</p><br>
<p>Rest and acclimatisation day at Horombo Hut. Day walk to Zebra Rocks or to Mawenzi Hut. This day can be omitted.</p><br>
<p>Walk through moorland then alpine desert to "The Saddle" between the peaks of Mawenzi and Kibo. From here you will walk for about an hour to reach Kibo hut (4,730 m).</p><br>
<p>Very early start for the summit on steep scree up to Gillman&#39;s Point (5,681 m), which is on the crater rim. Continue around the rim (which will take about two hours if you are fit) to Uhuru Peak (5,895 m) the highest point in Africa. Descend to Kibo Hut and then down to the thicker air and relative warmth of Horombo hut.</p><br>
<p>Descend to Marangu gate.</p><br>
<h3>Rongai Route</h3><br>
<p>Route Outline</p><br>
<p>The route described below includes the Mawenzi Tarn Hut variation which is recommended for acclimatization. However, some tours skip this and proceed directly from Simba camp to a Third Camp at around 3700m to Kibo Hut, resulting in a (more difficult because of shorter length) 5-day total trip.</p><br>
<p>Drive 2 hours from the Marangu gate to the Rongai Gate. Walk to Simba Camp at 2,650 m, 2.5-3 hrs. The walk is initially through plantations then rain forest and finally bush country.</p><br>
<p>Walk to second Cave at 3,450 m, 3½ hrs. A gentle day through bush then heathers.</p><br>
<p>Gentle rising traverse through moorland over several ridges to Kikelea Caves, 3,600 m, 3 hours.</p><br>
<p>Moorland then screes to Mawenzi Tarn Hut, 4,330 m, 3-3.5 hrs.</p><br>
<p>Easy angled screes slopes lead across the Saddle to Kibo Hut, 4,700 m, 4.5-5 hrs.</p><br>
<p>Very early start for the summit on steep scree up to Gillman&#39;s Point (5,681 m), which is on the crater rim. Continue around the rim (which will take about two hours if you are fit) to Uhuru Peak (5,895 m) the highest point in Africa. Descend to Kibo Hut and then down to the thicker air and relative warmth of Horombo hut.</p><br>
<p>Descend to Marangu gate.</p><br>
<p>Climbers often omit the second cave during ascent, although the climb is more difficult.</p><br>
<h3>Umbwe Route</h3><br>
<p>The Umbwe route is often considered the hardest but most spectacular and direct way to reach Uhuru Peak.</p><br>
<p>Route Outline</p><br>
<p>Drive to the Umbwe Roadhead at 1,800 m. The route initially follows a forestry track winding up through the natural rain forest. It then narrows and steepens to climb the ridge between the Lonzo and Umbwe rivers. The first campsite is in the forest by some rock overhangs at 2,940 m, (5–6 hours walking).</p><br>
<p>Shortly after leaving the camp, the forest ends and the path continues along a narrow spectacular ridge. Above, the sheer 1,000 m of the Breach Wall appears and disappears as the afternoon mists roll up the Great Barranco. From the Umbwe ridge the route descends slightly to the Barranco Hut and the camp in the valley floor at 3,900 m, (5–6 hours walking).</p><br>
<p>From here the route parts. The traditional route continues north to climb the Western Breach from the Arrow Glacier Camp. However, because of the high risk from falling rock, it is suggested to follow the route below.</p><br>
<p>A short scramble to the top of the Great Barranco and then a traverse over scree and ridges to the Karanga Valley (4,000 m, 3 hours), beneath the icefalls of the Heim, Kersten, and Decken Glaciers.</p><br>
<p>After climbing out of the Karanga Valley, the trail ascends a ridge to the Barafu Hut, a bleak location with little vegetation at 4,600 m, (3 hours walking).</p><br>
<p>An early start for the ascent to the rim of the Kibo Crater between the Rebmann and Ratzel Glaciers, (4 hours). The last section before the rim can sometimes be snow-covered and an ice-axe or ski stick is useful for balance. From here, a further hour leads to Uhuru Peak, from where there are often fine views of Meru to the west and the jagged peak of Mawenzi to the east. After a short time on the summit, descend to the Barafu Hut before continuing on down to camp at Mweka Hut in the giant heather zone on the Mweka route.</p><br>
<p>A 3-4 hour descent through forest brings you to the park gate.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing Routes - Costs</h2><br>
<p>To you have to trek with a licensed guide. There is no option to climb solo. When you take into consideration permit fees, park fees, camping and food logistics, the only realistic way to climb the mountain is with a tour operator.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the Ministry of Tourism in Tanzania made all Tourist related business VAT-able. As a result, costs have gone up 18% across the board. The prices below do not take into account the increase due to VAT, so factor that into your budgeting when planning your trip.</p><br>
<p>A local, authorized, no frills operator on the short Marangu route costs between US$1,200 - $1,450. However, the short Marangu route has the lowest summit success rate and if you want to take a longer itinerary it will cost more.</p><br>
<p>The 8 day Lemosho will cost in the region of US$1,800 and the 9 day Northern Circuit route will cost between US$2,000 - $2,500.These prices are based upon local operator costs. Western operators generally charge more, but not necessarily for a better service. Therefore, spending time searching for the right local operators gets you equivalent service levels at cheaper cost, and at the same time benefits the indigenous community.</p><br>
<p>A couple of factors determine the prices directly. First is the quality of the tour operator which in a way also determines the safety levels on the climb. There are many companies that may not be on popular travel websites and yet provide great service with quality equipment and high safety standards for relatively cheaper rates.</p><br>
<p>Second is how the crew is treated and paid by the operator. Unethical treatment of porters is a big problem on the mountain. Tourism being the main source of jobs in Kilimanjaro region has resulted in high competition for porter jobs. Mostly it is the local operators operating at cut-throat or loss-making prices that pay their porters below minimum wage and make them to carry gear that is too heavy. The good operators are cognizant about this problem and provide the minimum stipulated salaries and operate according to Kilimanjaro National Park regulations that withhold ethical and fair treatment of the crew.</p><br>
<p>Since even the minimum stipulated wages are not enough, a tipping culture has been established on. can vary greatly between $150 to $300 per climber, depending on the number of participants and the operator chosen. Western operators recommend higher tipping amounts to their crew as compared to local operators.</p><br>
<h2>Rock climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>The rock on Kilimanjaro is generally unsuitable for rock climbing; however, there are several good snow and ice routes that are rapidly vanishing due to glacial recession. Mawenzi&#39;s peaks provide a few rock routes on loose rock.</p><br>
<p>Until recently, glacial recession has made it harder to ascend the Umbwe Route followed by the Heim Glacier. Just left of the glacier, the Breach Wall was considered the hardest route on Kilimanjaro (featuring a 100 m high vertical icicle). Further left again, the Western Breach (Arrow Glacier) Route provides an easy scrambling route to the crater.</p><br>
<p>Park authorities and outfitters require special arrangements and often disclaimers to climb these routes. Although it is only a scramble, the Western Breach route falls into this category on account of rock fall danger.</p><br>
<h3>Selected rock climbing routes</h3><br>
<p>Heim Glacier: A Nelson, H J Cooke, D N Goodall, 1957. Grade III+, 12 hours.</p><br>
<p>Western Breach: Grade I, 6 hours. The easiest rock-climbing way on the south-west side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Mawenzi aka South Peak: First climbed in 1924 by George Londt from South Africa.</p><br>
<p>Other climbing routes:</p><br>
<p>Frequently Asked Kilimanjaro Questions and Answers</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Suffern, New York, is located on Chestnut Street between NY 59 and US 202, on the northern edge of the village&#39;s downtown business district. It serves the ZIP Code 10901, covering the village of Suffern.</p><br>
<p>It was built during the New Deal and reflects that era&#39;s architectural styles, combining elements of the Colonial Revival style preferred by the Treasury Department for new post offices in the early 20th century with the Streamline Moderne style predominating in the late 1930s. Its interior features a wall relief by Elliot Means, one of the many public artworks commissioned by the Section of Painting and Sculpture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office is a single-story, five-bay steel frame building with a buff brick exterior. It is square-shaped with a rear wing and flat roof.</p><br>
<p>The central three bays of the front facade are done in a symmetrical, vertical pattern of scalloped limestone, with some marble trim. Polished aluminum letters attached to the facade above the main entrance identify the building as a post office and its location. Some aluminum lampposts have been added since the building&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>Aluminum is also used for the doors and vestibule, leading on to the L-shaped lobby, almost intact from its original design. Ceramic tile is used for the flooring and dado to counter height. Vertical scalloping similar to that in the exterior is used on the plaster ceiling&#39;s molded cornice.</p><br>
<p>On the wall above the entrance to the postmaster&#39;s office is "Communication", a relief by sculptor Elliot Means. It depicts a partially clothed woman, surrounded by the moon, clouds, stars, mountains and waves, shooting a bow with flaming arrow.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sufferns first post office was established in 1797 by founding settler John Suffern, but fell into disuse a decade later. A village post office was formally reestablished in 1858 and used several rented spaces over the years. In 1931, the Treasury Department, which was then the Post Offices parent agency, got Congress to appropriate money for a standalone post office building in several New York communities, Suffern included.</p><br>
<p>The land was purchased for $20,000 in 1935. The next year, the post office was built for $90,000. Treasury Supervising Architect Louis Simon used an austere Colonial Revival design, demonstrated by the building&#39;s fenestration, brick facing and multi-paned sash windows. Variations on this basic design can be found in other New York post offices Simon built during this period.</p><br>
<p>But to a far greater degree than other post offices he built during this period elsewhere in the state, he incorporated more contemporary, Art Deco and Streamline Moderne elements, such as the expansive brick face, the use of aluminum in the transom, the limestone scalloping and the lack of exterior ornamentation or cornice otherwise. Only the post office in the Chemung County village of Waverly, almost an exact copy of Suffern&#39;s, uses this many modernistic elements.</p><br>
<p>Means&#39; relief was added in 1937, and fluorescent lighting was installed in the lobby in 1965. There have been no major changes besides those to the building since it was opened.</p><br>
